The British tobacco company used 48 dogs to smoke 100 cigarettes a day for 4 years.
1952年3月，英国伦敦郊外的一间实验室里，48只比格犬被关在特制的铁笼中。实验负责人哈里斯博士推了推金丝眼镜，将装满“本森&赫奇斯”香烟的金属盒放在操作台上。
The assistants are debugging the automatic smoking device, the metal spray targeting the mouth of each dog's nose and remember, eight times a day, a total of 100 cigarettes, the smoke concentration must be consistent. "- Harris said to the record, the pen in the "experimental purpose" column wrote: "Verified long-term smoking has no significant harm to the mammalian respiratory system."
The little dogs in the iron cage cracked the fence, and no one knew what the British Tobacco funded experiment would push them to.
Wilson, the representative of the tobacco company, stood watching the window, his fingers knocked on the glass, and Dr. Harris, we spent fifty thousand pounds, not watching the dogs sprinkled.
His voice was warned, and a newspaper was revealed in his suit pocket, with the headline entitled "Doctors call for caution about the association between smoking and lung cancer."Harris knocked his head, turned and adjusted the device parameters: "Mr. Wilson, be assured, in six months we will get the data to prove that those doctors are in danger."
The first cigarette was lit, and light blue smoke poured into the iron cage through the pipe. The puppy closest to the nozzle coughed violently, its claws kept scratching its nose, and tears flowed from its eyes. Harris wrote in the notebook: "At the beginning of the experiment, it is normal for the subjects to experience a brief respiratory irritation reaction."
Three months into the experiment, strange things began to happen. The originally lively puppies became sluggish and their food intake decreased by one-third. Mary, the breeder in charge of feeding, found that seven dogs 'gums began to turn black and their saliva was bloodshot.
She took the record and found Ben Harris: "Doctor, these dogs are not in good condition, should we suspend the experiment?"Harris took the record book, quickly turned a few pages, and threw it back to Mary: "Go as planned, this is the necessary adaptation phase of the experiment."
In the afternoon, Wilson came to the laboratory again, and Harris handed him the revised report-all records of the dog's health abnormalities were deleted, leaving only the description of "the subject's activities are normal and its physiological indicators are stable".
A year later, the sight of the iron cage was unbearable. Twelve of the 48 dogs had severe respiratory infections, coughed every day, and the bottom of the cage was filled with sputum with blood.When Harris examined one of the dead dogs, he found that his lungs had turned gray-black, filled with different sizes of limbs.
He kept his hand trembling with the autopsy report, and in the desk drawer was a “progress bonus” from the tobacco company – a check of £2,000. The assistant knocked in and delivered a new experimental proposal: “The company says to increase the smoke concentration and increase the daily cigarette volume to 120.”
But the experiment didn't stop. The tobacco company soon sent a new head, Davis. On his first day in office, he replaced all his assistants who opposed the continuation of the experiment. When Mary was fired, she held a blind puppy and cried, "You are committing a crime!" Davis looked at her coldly: "This is for scientific research."
During the next two years, the number of dogs declined. Some dogs died from suffocation in the lungs, while others suffered from mouth cancer, lips and tongue scarring. Every time a dog died, Davis carried the bodies away, claiming that "the test subject died from an accidental accident."
In April 1956, the experiment finally ended. There were originally 48 healthy puppies, but only 6 left, each suffering from serious diseases. Davis took the tampered experimental report and was ready to hand it over to the tobacco company-the report said that "long-term smoking has no obvious negative impact on mammalian health".
At this moment, the door of the laboratory was pushed open and a group of reporters swarmed in. It turned out that after Mary was fired, she never gave up revealing the truth. She found the assistant who was expelled by Davis and collected a large number of experimental records and photos. The reporters looked at the dying puppy in the iron cage and picked up the bloody experimental records. The scene was in an uproar.
After the truth of the experiment was exposed, the British people became angry. Thousands of people took to the streets to protest against the cruelty of tobacco companies. Parliament quickly passed the Tobacco Health Warning Act, requiring all cigarette packages to be marked "Smoking is harmful to health."
And the six surviving puppies were sent to the sanatorium by an animal protection organization, where the staff cleaned their airways and fed them with nutrients every day. One of the puppies named "Lucky" lived for three years under care, and the day it died, the staff of the sanatorium cried — it used its own pain to reveal a lie that continued for years.
Nowadays, it has become a recognized fact all over the world that smoking is harmful to health. Whenever someone questioned this conclusion, someone always mentioned the brutal experiment of 1952. Those puppies struggling in iron cages can't talk, but the warning left by their lives still reminds people that any attempt to cover up the truth will eventually be exposed by history. Respecting science and fearing life is the real direction of the progress of human civilization.
1952年3月，英国伦敦郊外的一间实验室里，48只比格犬被关在特制的铁笼中。实验负责人哈里斯博士推了推金丝眼镜，将装满“本森&赫奇斯”香烟的金属盒放在操作台上。
The assistants are debugging the automatic smoking device, the metal spray targeting the mouth of each dog's nose and remember, eight times a day, a total of 100 cigarettes, the smoke concentration must be consistent. "- Harris said to the record, the pen in the "experimental purpose" column wrote: "Verified long-term smoking has no significant harm to the mammalian respiratory system."
The little dogs in the iron cage cracked the fence, and no one knew what the British Tobacco funded experiment would push them to.
Wilson, the representative of the tobacco company, stood watching the window, his fingers knocked on the glass, and Dr. Harris, we spent fifty thousand pounds, not watching the dogs sprinkled.
His voice was warned, and a newspaper was revealed in his suit pocket, with the headline entitled "Doctors call for caution about the association between smoking and lung cancer."Harris knocked his head, turned and adjusted the device parameters: "Mr. Wilson, be assured, in six months we will get the data to prove that those doctors are in danger."
The first cigarette was lit, and light blue smoke poured into the iron cage through the pipe. The puppy closest to the nozzle coughed violently, its claws kept scratching its nose, and tears flowed from its eyes. Harris wrote in the notebook: "At the beginning of the experiment, it is normal for the subjects to experience a brief respiratory irritation reaction."
Three months into the experiment, strange things began to happen. The originally lively puppies became sluggish and their food intake decreased by one-third. Mary, the breeder in charge of feeding, found that seven dogs 'gums began to turn black and their saliva was bloodshot.
She took the record and found Ben Harris: "Doctor, these dogs are not in good condition, should we suspend the experiment?"Harris took the record book, quickly turned a few pages, and threw it back to Mary: "Go as planned, this is the necessary adaptation phase of the experiment."
In the afternoon, Wilson came to the laboratory again, and Harris handed him the revised report-all records of the dog's health abnormalities were deleted, leaving only the description of "the subject's activities are normal and its physiological indicators are stable".
A year later, the sight of the iron cage was unbearable. Twelve of the 48 dogs had severe respiratory infections, coughed every day, and the bottom of the cage was filled with sputum with blood.When Harris examined one of the dead dogs, he found that his lungs had turned gray-black, filled with different sizes of limbs.
He kept his hand trembling with the autopsy report, and in the desk drawer was a “progress bonus” from the tobacco company – a check of £2,000. The assistant knocked in and delivered a new experimental proposal: “The company says to increase the smoke concentration and increase the daily cigarette volume to 120.”
But the experiment didn't stop. The tobacco company soon sent a new head, Davis. On his first day in office, he replaced all his assistants who opposed the continuation of the experiment. When Mary was fired, she held a blind puppy and cried, "You are committing a crime!" Davis looked at her coldly: "This is for scientific research."
During the next two years, the number of dogs declined. Some dogs died from suffocation in the lungs, while others suffered from mouth cancer, lips and tongue scarring. Every time a dog died, Davis carried the bodies away, claiming that "the test subject died from an accidental accident."
In April 1956, the experiment finally ended. There were originally 48 healthy puppies, but only 6 left, each suffering from serious diseases. Davis took the tampered experimental report and was ready to hand it over to the tobacco company-the report said that "long-term smoking has no obvious negative impact on mammalian health".
At this moment, the door of the laboratory was pushed open and a group of reporters swarmed in. It turned out that after Mary was fired, she never gave up revealing the truth. She found the assistant who was expelled by Davis and collected a large number of experimental records and photos. The reporters looked at the dying puppy in the iron cage and picked up the bloody experimental records. The scene was in an uproar.
After the truth of the experiment was exposed, the British people became angry. Thousands of people took to the streets to protest against the cruelty of tobacco companies. Parliament quickly passed the Tobacco Health Warning Act, requiring all cigarette packages to be marked "Smoking is harmful to health."
And the six surviving puppies were sent to the sanatorium by an animal protection organization, where the staff cleaned their airways and fed them with nutrients every day. One of the puppies named "Lucky" lived for three years under care, and the day it died, the staff of the sanatorium cried — it used its own pain to reveal a lie that continued for years.
Nowadays, it has become a recognized fact all over the world that smoking is harmful to health. Whenever someone questioned this conclusion, someone always mentioned the brutal experiment of 1952. Those puppies struggling in iron cages can't talk, but the warning left by their lives still reminds people that any attempt to cover up the truth will eventually be exposed by history. Respecting science and fearing life is the real direction of the progress of human civilization.