After the Israeli military withdrawal, Gaza civilians returned home, but the current security situation in Gaza is not optimistic and there has been internal riots. The son of the head of the Hamas military intelligence department, Imad Akr, has been tortured in the streets, followed by a massive retaliation operation by Hamas.

According to British media reports, after the withdrawal of Israeli troops, Hamas quickly took over various sites. For this reason, Hamas recovered 7,000 fighters and replenished them to various units. The first big thing Hamas needs to do is to clean up the internal insurgents.

Historically, the Palestinian region has not established an independent state and relies on tribal governance when it is ruled by colonies, so the tribes have great influence in the area.

After the outbreak of the war in Gaza, some tribal members began to stand up against Hamas and even cooperate with Israel. During the war, they competed with Hamas for food and robbed Hamas¡¯ weapons warehouses.

After the Israeli army withdrew, Hamas came into conflict with these tribal forces. In the district of Sabra in Gaza, Hamas came into conflict with a tribe called Dugmush. The tribe was relocated from Turkey to Gaza in the early 20th century and had some local strength, and had frequently been in conflict with Hamas before the war.

During the fighting that day, two Hamas personnel were killed, including the son of Imad Akel, the head of Hamas military intelligence. Subsequently, Hamas dispatched a large number of armed forces and surrounded 300 militants from the Dugmush tribe. In the end, one person was killed and more than 30 people were arrested.

In addition to the Dugmush tribe, there are many anti-Hamas forces in Gaza.

For example, there is a militia called "Anti-Terrorist Force" led by Astar in Khan Younis in the south. This man was a former commander of the Palestinian Authority security forces and once led 250 soldiers. He was sentenced to life imprisonment after Hamas seized power. He didn't escape from prison until the Israeli army invaded Gaza.

Just a few days before the ceasefire, Hamas sent more than 50 soldiers to attack Khani Yunis¡¯ Mujaidah tribe armed forces. Astar-led armed forces also participated in the fighting, eventually the Israeli Air Force joined the battle, killing more than 10 Hamas members.

Ashtar said that even if Israel withdraws from Gaza after signing a ceasefire agreement, he will fight Hamas to the end. He hopes to work with former British Prime Minister Blair to ensure that in the future Gaza will be regulated by an international agency, and Blair is likely to be the head of the agency.

In the Rafah area on the southern border, Abu Shabab leads a militia called People's Force, with about 300 people. He came from a Bedouin tribe in the east of Rafah, many of whom also live in Israel.

In his early years, Abu Shabab made a living by smuggling cigarettes and drugs in the border area. In 2015, he was arrested by Hamas and sentenced to 25 years in prison. It was also after the outbreak of the Gaza war that he escaped from prison, and then organized a militia, mostly former officers of the Palestinian Authority.

They have a cooperative relationship with Israel and are responsible for escorting supplies to refugee camps. Netanyahu personally admitted to providing weapons to the organization.

The appearance of so many anti-Hamas armed groups in the Gaza Strip speaks to at least three issues.

The internal struggle in Gaza is also intense, and Hamas is unpopular in some areas, all of which are formed by people who are hostile to Hamas, most of whom are the remaining forces of the Palestinian Authority¡¯s rule.

They do not want Hamas to continue to rule, especially as the ongoing war brings huge disasters to the civilians. These armed groups prefer to work with Israel to build safe refugee zones and provide the civilians with supplies and security.

Second, this battle completely destroyed Hamas 'influence. Although there were anti-Hamas voices in Gaza before, they did not dare to make them public, otherwise they would be retaliated by Hamas. In the war with Israel, Hamas's top leadership has been eliminated in several waves, and the backbone of the grassroots has suffered even greater losses.

The former anti-Hamas armed forces were no longer afraid of Hamas, and openly came out to fight it.

So in this context, how will the future situation in Gaza develop?

As analyzed in the author's previous article, Hamas has realized that hostages are a life-reminding talisman in its hands. Not only does Israel have an excuse to continue the war, but the international community, including some Arab countries, has also put pressure on Hamas. Hamas is willing to hand over the hostages, but its attitude towards laying down its weapons is very tough.

Following the release of the hostages, several Hamas leaders talked about laying down their arms. Naim, a member of the Hamas Political Bureau, said that even if Hamas lays down its arms, it will only be handed over to the Palestinian state, and Hamas fighters will be incorporated into the Palestinian National Army.

According to him, Palestine will not drop its weapons until an independent state is established, and even Hamas will not give up its future political involvement in Gaza, but will join its forces in the national army after the establishment of the state.

Hamdan, the representative of Hamas in Paris, said: "We support a unified Palestinian state position, with no external imposition, no occupation authority, only collective will." The implication is to reject the establishment of a Gaza regulatory body by international organizations in Trump's plan.

These two points are precisely Israel¡¯s red line, and Netanyahu has repeatedly called for Hamas to lay down its weapons and will not hand over Gaza directly to the Palestinian Authority.

If Hamas does not lay down its arms, Israel will naturally not withdraw from Gaza. But it would be too costly for Israel to restart the war. In this case, various anti-Hamas armed forces in Gaza can play a role, and Israel may support them to fight against Hamas. A civil war in Gaza is estimated to be difficult to avoid.