On October 5, 2015 (August 23, 2015 in the lunar calendar), China female pharmacist Tu Youyou, the "mother of artemisinin", won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced at 5:30 pm Beijing time on October 5, 2015. According to the latest news from the Nobel Prize website (http://www.nobelprize.org/), William C.Campbell, Satoshiōmura and China YouyouTu jointly won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine. William C.Campbell and Satoshiōmura jointly won the award for discovering a new treatment for ascaris parasite infections, and YouyouTu for discovering a new treatment for malaria. Tu Youyou receives Nobel Prize On December 10, 2015, at the 2015 Nobel Prize awarding ceremony held at the Concert Hall in Stockholm, Sweden, China scientist Tu Youyou (front left) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden. Tu Youyou won this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her pioneering isolation of artemisinin from Chinese herbal medicine and application it to treat malaria. This is the first time that China scientists have won the Nobel Prize in Science for scientific research conducted in China. It is the highest award won by the China medical community so far and the highest award won for the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was established according to the will of the late Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel to recognize people in the world who made important discoveries or inventions in the field of physiology or medicine in the previous year. The award was first awarded in 1901 and was selected by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolin Medical School in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, which was composed of 50 elected renowned professors at the Karolin Medical School. 1901-2014 In 2001, the Nobel Prize Committee awarded a total of 105 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, 9 of which were interrupted by World War I or World War II. Starting from October 5, the 2015 Nobel Prize will be announced one after another. Award speech: Parasitic diseases have plagued mankind for thousands of years and have always been one of the major medical and health issues in the world. Parasitic diseases have a particularly severe impact on the world's poor. The winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine have made revolutionary contributions to the prevention and treatment of the most devastating parasitic diseases. Campbell and Tomoshi Omura discovered avermectin, a drug that fundamentally reduced the incidence of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, and also had excellent control effects on other parasitic diseases. Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce the mortality rate of malaria patients. These two discoveries have found new weapons for all mankind to fight disease. The traditional treatment for malaria is chloroquine or quinine, but its efficacy is fading. In the 1960s, efforts to eliminate malaria suffered setbacks and the incidence of the disease rose again. China scientist Tu Youyou has found a new treatment to defeat malaria from traditional Chinese herbal medicine. She targeted the plant Artemisia annua through a large number of experiments, but the results were not ideal. Therefore, Tu Youyou read a large number of medical books again and finally successfully extracted the effective substance from Artemisia annua, which was later named artemisinin. Tu Youyou was the first scientist to discover that artemisinin has excellent efficacy against malaria parasites. Artemisinin can quickly kill malaria parasites in the early stages of growth, and its role in future malaria prevention and control will be unlimited. Tu Youyou, female, born on December 30, 1930, is a pharmacist, lifelong researcher and principal researcher of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and director of the Artemisinin Research and Development Center. He was hired as a master's supervisor in 1980 and as a doctoral supervisor in 2001. He has been engaged in research on traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for many years, and his outstanding contribution is the creation of new antimalarial drugs-artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. On September 24, 2011, he won the Lasker Prize, known as the "wind vane" of the Nobel Prize. This is the world-class award ever won by the biomedical community in China. On October 5, 2015, it won the Nobel Prize again. Tu Youyou is engaged in research on integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine and creating a new antimalarial drug artemisinin. He was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang in 1930. "Yo yo deer crows, the apple that eats wild", the famous sentence in "The Book of Songs¡¤Xiaoya" expresses the beautiful expectations of Tu Youyou's parents for her. In 1951, Tu Youyou was admitted to Peking University School of Medicine (now Peking University School of Medicine) and chose to major in pharmacy as her first choice. She believes that the major of crude medicine is most likely to be close to exploring the field of traditional Chinese medicine with a long history, which is in line with her interests and ideals. During her four years in college, Tu Youyou studied hard and achieved excellent results. In professional courses, she has a great interest in plant chemistry, herbal medicine and plant taxonomy. In 1955, Tu Youyou graduated from university and was assigned to work at the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine directly under the Ministry of Health (now China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine). In 1969, the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where Tu Youyou worked, received a research and development task of "Chinese herbal medicine anti-malaria", code-named 523, which became the code name for the project to research new drugs for malaria prevention and control at that time. Tu Youyou joined the Traditional Chinese Medicine Collaborative Group, and together with researchers from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, reviewed medical records from past dynasties, selected anti-malarial prescriptions that appeared frequently among them, and tested the effects of these prescriptions. In the second half of 1971, Tu Youyou changed from ethanol extraction to ether extraction with a boiling point lower than ethanol. On October 4, 1971, she successfully extracted a neutral extract of Artemisia annua, and obtained 100% inhibition rate against malaria murine and monkey malaria. In 1977, her first paper "A New Sesquiterpene Lactone-Artemisinin" written in the name of the "Collaborative Group on the Structure of Artemisinin" was published in the "Scientific Bulletin", which attracted close attention from countries around the world. Tu Youyou was hired as a master's supervisor in 1980 and as a doctoral supervisor in 2001. She has been engaged in research on traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for many years, and her outstanding contribution is the creation of new antimalarial drugs-artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. Scientists with no overseas background, such as academician titles, are known as "three no". In September 2011, Tu Youyou won the Lasker Prize, known as the "wind vane" of the Nobel Prize. This was the world's highest award won by the biomedical community in China at that time. Tu Youyou filled the gap in ten years when Chinese people had not received this award, and became the first recipient to complete independent research in China. Because she did not have a doctorate, overseas background or academician title, Tu Youyou was called a "three no" scientist by media reports at the time. After winning the Lasker Award, Tu Youyou, who had devoted herself to scientific research for decades and became unknown, became famous all over the world. Tu Youyou, who was 81 years old at the time, made her first public appearance in China. In an interview at the time, Tu Youyou said,"The discovery of artemisinin is not the achievement of one person, but the result of the joint efforts of the team. Many comrades participated in this research and made contributions. This is also an honor for traditional Chinese medicine to go global." Tu Youyou once told the media that the difficulty in research lies in the selection of Artemisia annaceae, which plant should be and the extraction method also requires breakthroughs. Later, Tu Youyou was inspired by Ge Hong's "Hubou Reserve Emergency Prescription","holding Artemisia annua, soaking with a liter of water, wringing the juice and serving it", and improved the extraction method and used ether cold dipping method for low-temperature extraction, which was ultimately successful. Achievements: Artemisinin compound drugs have a cure rate of 97% for falciparum malaria. Malaria is a worldwide infectious disease that infects hundreds of millions of people every year and causes millions of deaths. In the 1960s, the parasite that caused malaria, Plasmodium, had become resistant to the quinine drugs commonly used at the time, and had a serious impact. On May 23, 1967, under the personal instructions of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other China leaders, the China government launched the "523 Project" to find new antimalarial drugs with new structures and overcome drug resistance. Under extremely difficult scientific research conditions at that time, more than 500 scientific researchers from 7 provinces and cities in China, more than 60 scientific research institutions worked together to tackle the problem. Tu Youyou's team participated in the "523 Project" in 1969. In 1971, Tu Youyou was inspired by classics of traditional Chinese medicine and proposed using ether to extract the active ingredients of Artemisia annua at low temperatures, and reported the antimalarial effect of Artemisia annua extract. The following year,"Project 523" researchers successfully extracted the highly effective antimalarial ingredient artemisinin. Artemisinin and its derivatives artesunate and artemether can quickly eliminate malaria parasites in humans and have a good treatment effect on falciparum malaria such as cerebral malaria. Artemisinin drugs can be orally administered, injected intramuscularly or intravenously, or even made into suppositories, making them simple and convenient to use. However, in order to prevent malaria parasites from becoming resistant to artemisinin, combination therapies using artemisinin in combination with other drugs are currently widely used. As a "miracle medicine in China," artemisinin has shown miraculous effects in fighting malaria around the world. In May 2004, WHO officially listed artemisinin compound drugs as the first choice for treating malaria. Statistics from the authoritative British medical journal "The Lancet" show that the cure rate of artemisinin compound drugs for falciparum malaria reached 97%. Based on this, WHO required the purchase and distribution of 1 million doses of artemisinin compound drugs in Africa where malaria is high, and no longer purchased ineffective drugs. "China's magic medicine" has brought dawn to the world's anti-malaria cause. The World Health Organization said that malaria mortality rates in African countries such as Tanzania and Zambia have dropped significantly in recent years. An important reason is the widespread distribution of artemisinin compound drugs. In Zambia alone, due to the combined use of mosquito-killing measures and artemisinin-based drug therapies, malaria deaths fell by 66% in 2008 compared with 2000. According to WHO statistics, as of the end of 2009, 11 African countries had 100% artemisinin drug coverage, and another 5 African countries had 50% to 100%. In 2005, only five African countries had artemisinin drug coverage of 50% to 100%. Comment: Winners in preventing and controlling parasitic diseases have made revolutionary contributions. Parasitic diseases have plagued mankind for thousands of years and have always been one of the major medical and health issues in the world. Parasitic diseases have a particularly severe impact on the world's poor. The winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine have made revolutionary contributions to the prevention and treatment of the most devastating parasitic diseases. Campbell and Tomoshi Omura discovered avermectin, a drug that fundamentally reduced the incidence of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, and also had excellent control effects on other parasitic diseases. Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce the mortality rate of malaria patients. These two discoveries have found new weapons for all mankind to fight disease. The traditional treatment for malaria is chloroquine or quinine, but its efficacy is fading. In the 1960s, efforts to eliminate malaria suffered setbacks and the incidence of the disease rose again. China scientist Tu Youyou has found a new treatment to defeat malaria from traditional Chinese herbal medicine. She targeted the plant Artemisia annua through a large number of experiments, but the results were not ideal. Therefore, Tu Youyou read a large number of medical books again and finally successfully extracted the effective substance from Artemisia annua, which was later named artemisinin. Tu Youyou was the first scientist to discover that artemisinin has excellent efficacy against malaria parasites. Artemisinin can quickly kill malaria parasites in the early stages of growth, and its role in future malaria prevention and control will be unlimited. Disclosure: Participated in the "523" war readiness project to study antimalarial drugs In 1969, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (now renamed "China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"), whose scientific research work had been suspended, received a special task-to participate in a war readiness project codenamed "523." At that time, it was the Vietnam War, and drug-resistant falciparum malaria was prevalent in Vietnam, causing serious non-combat reductions in troops on both sides. At the request of the Vietnamese Communist Party, China began to carry out research on antimalarial drugs within the military and established the "National Malaria Prevention and Control Research Leading Group Office"(code-named "Office 523"). Tu Youyou graduated from the Department of Pharmacy of Beijing Medical College and had experience in traditional Chinese medicine research. At that time, when most academic authorities were overthrown, she was appointed as the team leader, responsible for focusing on anti-malaria research on Chinese herbal medicine. It took three months to sort out 640 prescriptions from more than 2000 prescriptions, including various plants, animals, and minerals, and then screened more than 100 samples. The finally selected pepper "has an inhibitory effect on Plasmodium." The inhibition rate reaches 84%, but its inhibitory effect on Plasmodium is not ideal."Artemisia annua, which" once had a 68% inhibitory effect on Plasmodium ", was abandoned during the re-screening because the results were not good. Later, when Tu Youyou re-reviewed Ge Hong's "Xijiao Reserve Emergency Prescription" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, she found that it stated that the use of Artemisia annua to fight malaria was used through "wringing juice" rather than the traditional Chinese medicine "decocting in water" method. From this, she realized that using this special method may "avoid high temperatures and destroy the effect of the drug." Based on this, she "switched to low-boiling-point solvents, and the efficacy of the drug was significantly improved." After repeated tests, the No. 191 Artemisia annua neutral extract sample finally isolated and obtained showed a surprising result of 100% inhibition rate on Plasmodium ratum." In that special era, not to mention intellectual property rights, even publishing research results in the name of individuals was a great political risk. In March 1972, in accordance with the arrangements of the 523 Office, Tu Youyou reported the experimental results of the neutral extract of Artemisia annua as a representative of the research team. The title of her report was: "Using Mao Zedong Thought to Guide the Work of Anti-malarial Chinese Herbal Medicine". The audience was excited at that time. In subsequent clinical observations, Tu Youyou not only took the lead in testing the drug, but also personally took the medicine to the site in Changjiang malaria area, Hainan to verify the treatment effect. After she reported that "all 30 cases of Artemisia annua anti-malaria were effective", a national upsurge in anti-malaria research on Artemisia annua was set off. Tu Youyou's Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine continued to conduct research on the active ingredients of Artemisia annua, and finally separated and purified an effective antimalarial monomer, which was named artemisinin. During this period, among Artemisia annua extracts from all over the country, artemisinin extracted by the Yunnan Institute of Medicine using gasoline from the local Artemisia annua variety Artemisia annua var. macrocephalus showed excellent antimalarial efficacy in clinical trials. Later, Zhou Weishan's research team from the Shanghai Institute of Inorganic Chemistry determined the chemical structure of artemisinin and discovered its antimalarial mechanism. In the book "Artemisia annua and Artemisia annua Medicines", there is a rough printed copy of the new drug certificate, which is the first new drug certificate since the implementation of China's New Drug Approval Measures-(86) Wei Yao Zheng Zi No. X-01. Tu Youyou's name was not found on this certificate, which was applied for approval by China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Controversy: Why didn't you win domestic awards instead of winning foreign awards? When Tu Youyou won the Lasker Award in 2011, questions were raised: Why did artemisinin not win the domestic science and technology award, but instead won the foreign award first? To this, the mainstream answer in the scientific community is: there is no way to determine the ownership of the award. In 1978, the scientific research results appraisal meeting of the "523" project finally determined that the successful development of artemisinin "is an honor for the collective of scientific and technological workers in our country, and each of the six invention units has its own inventions and creations." In this multi-page conclusion, the name of the discoverer was not mentioned. The "523" project of the grand collaboration ended in "successful completion". However, in the following decades, controversy continued. Tu Youyou was considered by many to be "not indifferent to fame and fortune" and "stubborn in personality." In 2009, when "Artemisia annua and Artemisinin Drugs" written by Tu Youyou was published, it attracted criticism for the details of the citations: it failed to fully affirm the role of other research groups and research members. Opponents believe that Tu Youyou exaggerated her role in the "523" project. Rao Yi, dean of the School of Life Sciences at Peking University, spoke highly of Tu Youyou's research work long before the Lasker Award was awarded. He mentioned: "As a non-controversial party, we also have certain difficulties in trying to communicate with Tu Youyou. We don't understand that she kept the original materials of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in her home for at least some time and was unwilling to show them to us. However, after reviewing some relevant non-public information, he still concluded that Tu Youyou played a key role in the discovery of artemisinin, because her research team was the first to extract Artemisia annua with ether and confirmed the highly effective antimalarial effect of crude Artemisia annua extract. Su Xinzhuan, a researcher at the Malaria Laboratory of the National Institutes of Health who accompanied Tu Youyou during the Lasker Award Award, believes that contributions from various people, from Artemisia annua to antimalarial drugs, must be indispensable, but the Lasker Award is not awarded to the entire organization because "as an award that encourages scientific discovery, the Lasker Award tends to be awarded only to the original discoverers." In the description of the Lasker Award Review Committee, Tu Youyou is a China woman who discovered artemisinin through "insight, vision and tenacious belief."On October 5, 2015 (August 23, 2015 in the lunar calendar), China female pharmacist Tu Youyou, the "mother of artemisinin", won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced at 5:30 pm Beijing time on October 5, 2015. According to the latest news from the Nobel Prize website (http://www.nobelprize.org/), William C.Campbell, Satoshiōmura and China YouyouTu jointly won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine. William C.Campbell and Satoshiōmura jointly won the award for discovering a new treatment for ascaris parasite infections, and YouyouTu for discovering a new treatment for malaria. Tu Youyou receives Nobel Prize On December 10, 2015, at the 2015 Nobel Prize awarding ceremony held at the Concert Hall in Stockholm, Sweden, China scientist Tu Youyou (front left) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden. Tu Youyou won this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her pioneering isolation of artemisinin from Chinese herbal medicine and application it to treat malaria. This is the first time that China scientists have won the Nobel Prize in Science for scientific research conducted in China. It is the highest award won by the China medical community so far and the highest award won for the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was established according to the will of the late Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel to recognize people in the world who made important discoveries or inventions in the field of physiology or medicine in the previous year. The award was first awarded in 1901 and was selected by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolin Medical School in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, which was composed of 50 elected renowned professors at the Karolin Medical School. 1901-2014 In 2001, the Nobel Prize Committee awarded a total of 105 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, 9 of which were interrupted by World War I or World War II. Starting from October 5, the 2015 Nobel Prize will be announced one after another. Award speech: Parasitic diseases have plagued mankind for thousands of years and have always been one of the major medical and health issues in the world. Parasitic diseases have a particularly severe impact on the world's poor. The winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine have made revolutionary contributions to the prevention and treatment of the most devastating parasitic diseases. Campbell and Tomoshi Omura discovered avermectin, a drug that fundamentally reduced the incidence of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, and also had excellent control effects on other parasitic diseases. Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce the mortality rate of malaria patients. These two discoveries have found new weapons for all mankind to fight disease. The traditional treatment for malaria is chloroquine or quinine, but its efficacy is fading. In the 1960s, efforts to eliminate malaria suffered setbacks and the incidence of the disease rose again. China scientist Tu Youyou has found a new treatment to defeat malaria from traditional Chinese herbal medicine. She targeted the plant Artemisia annua through a large number of experiments, but the results were not ideal. Therefore, Tu Youyou read a large number of medical books again and finally successfully extracted the effective substance from Artemisia annua, which was later named artemisinin. Tu Youyou was the first scientist to discover that artemisinin has excellent efficacy against malaria parasites. Artemisinin can quickly kill malaria parasites in the early stages of growth, and its role in future malaria prevention and control will be unlimited. Tu Youyou, female, born on December 30, 1930, is a pharmacist, lifelong researcher and principal researcher of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and director of the Artemisinin Research and Development Center. He was hired as a master's supervisor in 1980 and as a doctoral supervisor in 2001. He has been engaged in research on traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for many years, and his outstanding contribution is the creation of new antimalarial drugs-artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. On September 24, 2011, he won the Lasker Prize, known as the "wind vane" of the Nobel Prize. This is the world-class award ever won by the biomedical community in China. On October 5, 2015, it won the Nobel Prize again. Tu Youyou is engaged in research on integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine and creating a new antimalarial drug artemisinin. He was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang in 1930. "Yo yo deer crows, the apple that eats wild", the famous sentence in "The Book of Songs¡¤Xiaoya" expresses the beautiful expectations of Tu Youyou's parents for her. In 1951, Tu Youyou was admitted to Peking University School of Medicine (now Peking University School of Medicine) and chose to major in pharmacy as her first choice. She believes that the major of crude medicine is most likely to be close to exploring the field of traditional Chinese medicine with a long history, which is in line with her interests and ideals. During her four years in college, Tu Youyou studied hard and achieved excellent results. In professional courses, she has a great interest in plant chemistry, herbal medicine and plant taxonomy. In 1955, Tu Youyou graduated from university and was assigned to work at the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine directly under the Ministry of Health (now China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine). In 1969, the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where Tu Youyou worked, received a research and development task of "Chinese herbal medicine anti-malaria", code-named 523, which became the code name for the project to research new drugs for malaria prevention and control at that time. Tu Youyou joined the Traditional Chinese Medicine Collaborative Group, and together with researchers from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, reviewed medical records from past dynasties, selected anti-malarial prescriptions that appeared frequently among them, and tested the effects of these prescriptions. In the second half of 1971, Tu Youyou changed from ethanol extraction to ether extraction with a boiling point lower than ethanol. On October 4, 1971, she successfully extracted a neutral extract of Artemisia annua, and obtained 100% inhibition rate against malaria murine and monkey malaria. In 1977, her first paper "A New Sesquiterpene Lactone-Artemisinin" written in the name of the "Collaborative Group on the Structure of Artemisinin" was published in the "Scientific Bulletin", which attracted close attention from countries around the world. Tu Youyou was hired as a master's supervisor in 1980 and as a doctoral supervisor in 2001. She has been engaged in research on traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for many years, and her outstanding contribution is the creation of new antimalarial drugs-artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. Scientists with no overseas background, such as academician titles, are known as "three no". In September 2011, Tu Youyou won the Lasker Prize, known as the "wind vane" of the Nobel Prize. This was the world's highest award won by the biomedical community in China at that time. Tu Youyou filled the gap in ten years when Chinese people had not received this award, and became the first recipient to complete independent research in China. Because she did not have a doctorate, overseas background or academician title, Tu Youyou was called a "three no" scientist by media reports at the time. After winning the Lasker Award, Tu Youyou, who had devoted herself to scientific research for decades and became unknown, became famous all over the world. Tu Youyou, who was 81 years old at the time, made her first public appearance in China. In an interview at the time, Tu Youyou said,"The discovery of artemisinin is not the achievement of one person, but the result of the joint efforts of the team. Many comrades participated in this research and made contributions. This is also an honor for traditional Chinese medicine to go global." Tu Youyou once told the media that the difficulty in research lies in the selection of Artemisia annaceae, which plant should be and the extraction method also requires breakthroughs. Later, Tu Youyou was inspired by Ge Hong's "Hubou Reserve Emergency Prescription","holding Artemisia annua, soaking with a liter of water, wringing the juice and serving it", and improved the extraction method and used ether cold dipping method for low-temperature extraction, which was ultimately successful. Achievements: Artemisinin compound drugs have a cure rate of 97% for falciparum malaria. Malaria is a worldwide infectious disease that infects hundreds of millions of people every year and causes millions of deaths. In the 1960s, the parasite that caused malaria, Plasmodium, had become resistant to the quinine drugs commonly used at the time, and had a serious impact. On May 23, 1967, under the personal instructions of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other China leaders, the China government launched the "523 Project" to find new antimalarial drugs with new structures and overcome drug resistance. Under extremely difficult scientific research conditions at that time, more than 500 scientific researchers from 7 provinces and cities in China, more than 60 scientific research institutions worked together to tackle the problem. Tu Youyou's team participated in the "523 Project" in 1969. In 1971, Tu Youyou was inspired by classics of traditional Chinese medicine and proposed using ether to extract the active ingredients of Artemisia annua at low temperatures, and reported the antimalarial effect of Artemisia annua extract. The following year,"Project 523" researchers successfully extracted the highly effective antimalarial ingredient artemisinin. Artemisinin and its derivatives artesunate and artemether can quickly eliminate malaria parasites in humans and have a good treatment effect on falciparum malaria such as cerebral malaria. Artemisinin drugs can be orally administered, injected intramuscularly or intravenously, or even made into suppositories, making them simple and convenient to use. However, in order to prevent malaria parasites from becoming resistant to artemisinin, combination therapies using artemisinin in combination with other drugs are currently widely used. As a "miracle medicine in China," artemisinin has shown miraculous effects in fighting malaria around the world. In May 2004, WHO officially listed artemisinin compound drugs as the first choice for treating malaria. Statistics from the authoritative British medical journal "The Lancet" show that the cure rate of artemisinin compound drugs for falciparum malaria reached 97%. Based on this, WHO required the purchase and distribution of 1 million doses of artemisinin compound drugs in Africa where malaria is high, and no longer purchased ineffective drugs. "China's magic medicine" has brought dawn to the world's anti-malaria cause. The World Health Organization said that malaria mortality rates in African countries such as Tanzania and Zambia have dropped significantly in recent years. An important reason is the widespread distribution of artemisinin compound drugs. In Zambia alone, due to the combined use of mosquito-killing measures and artemisinin-based drug therapies, malaria deaths fell by 66% in 2008 compared with 2000. According to WHO statistics, as of the end of 2009, 11 African countries had 100% artemisinin drug coverage, and another 5 African countries had 50% to 100%. In 2005, only five African countries had artemisinin drug coverage of 50% to 100%. Comment: Winners in preventing and controlling parasitic diseases have made revolutionary contributions. Parasitic diseases have plagued mankind for thousands of years and have always been one of the major medical and health issues in the world. Parasitic diseases have a particularly severe impact on the world's poor. The winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine have made revolutionary contributions to the prevention and treatment of the most devastating parasitic diseases. Campbell and Tomoshi Omura discovered avermectin, a drug that fundamentally reduced the incidence of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, and also had excellent control effects on other parasitic diseases. Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce the mortality rate of malaria patients. These two discoveries have found new weapons for all mankind to fight disease. The traditional treatment for malaria is chloroquine or quinine, but its efficacy is fading. In the 1960s, efforts to eliminate malaria suffered setbacks and the incidence of the disease rose again. China scientist Tu Youyou has found a new treatment to defeat malaria from traditional Chinese herbal medicine. She targeted the plant Artemisia annua through a large number of experiments, but the results were not ideal. Therefore, Tu Youyou read a large number of medical books again and finally successfully extracted the effective substance from Artemisia annua, which was later named artemisinin. Tu Youyou was the first scientist to discover that artemisinin has excellent efficacy against malaria parasites. Artemisinin can quickly kill malaria parasites in the early stages of growth, and its role in future malaria prevention and control will be unlimited. Disclosure: Participated in the "523" war readiness project to study antimalarial drugs In 1969, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (now renamed "China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine"), whose scientific research work had been suspended, received a special task-to participate in a war readiness project codenamed "523." At that time, it was the Vietnam War, and drug-resistant falciparum malaria was prevalent in Vietnam, causing serious non-combat reductions in troops on both sides. At the request of the Vietnamese Communist Party, China began to carry out research on antimalarial drugs within the military and established the "National Malaria Prevention and Control Research Leading Group Office"(code-named "Office 523"). Tu Youyou graduated from the Department of Pharmacy of Beijing Medical College and had experience in traditional Chinese medicine research. At that time, when most academic authorities were overthrown, she was appointed as the team leader, responsible for focusing on anti-malaria research on Chinese herbal medicine. It took three months to sort out 640 prescriptions from more than 2000 prescriptions, including various plants, animals, and minerals, and then screened more than 100 samples. The finally selected pepper "has an inhibitory effect on Plasmodium." The inhibition rate reaches 84%, but its inhibitory effect on Plasmodium is not ideal."Artemisia annua, which" once had a 68% inhibitory effect on Plasmodium ", was abandoned during the re-screening because the results were not good. Later, when Tu Youyou re-reviewed Ge Hong's "Xijiao Reserve Emergency Prescription" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, she found that it stated that the use of Artemisia annua to fight malaria was used through "wringing juice" rather than the traditional Chinese medicine "decocting in water" method. From this, she realized that using this special method may "avoid high temperatures and destroy the effect of the drug." Based on this, she "switched to low-boiling-point solvents, and the efficacy of the drug was significantly improved." After repeated tests, the No. 191 Artemisia annua neutral extract sample finally isolated and obtained showed a surprising result of 100% inhibition rate on Plasmodium ratum." In that special era, not to mention intellectual property rights, even publishing research results in the name of individuals was a great political risk. In March 1972, in accordance with the arrangements of the 523 Office, Tu Youyou reported the experimental results of the neutral extract of Artemisia annua as a representative of the research team. The title of her report was: "Using Mao Zedong Thought to Guide the Work of Anti-malarial Chinese Herbal Medicine". The audience was excited at that time. In subsequent clinical observations, Tu Youyou not only took the lead in testing the drug, but also personally took the medicine to the site in Changjiang malaria area, Hainan to verify the treatment effect. After she reported that "all 30 cases of Artemisia annua anti-malaria were effective", a national upsurge in anti-malaria research on Artemisia annua was set off. Tu Youyou's Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine continued to conduct research on the active ingredients of Artemisia annua, and finally separated and purified an effective antimalarial monomer, which was named artemisinin. During this period, among Artemisia annua extracts from all over the country, artemisinin extracted by the Yunnan Institute of Medicine using gasoline from the local Artemisia annua variety Artemisia annua var. macrocephalus showed excellent antimalarial efficacy in clinical trials. Later, Zhou Weishan's research team from the Shanghai Institute of Inorganic Chemistry determined the chemical structure of artemisinin and discovered its antimalarial mechanism. In the book "Artemisia annua and Artemisia annua Medicines", there is a rough printed copy of the new drug certificate, which is the first new drug certificate since the implementation of China's New Drug Approval Measures-(86) Wei Yao Zheng Zi No. X-01. Tu Youyou's name was not found on this certificate, which was applied for approval by China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Controversy: Why didn't you win domestic awards instead of winning foreign awards? When Tu Youyou won the Lasker Award in 2011, questions were raised: Why did artemisinin not win the domestic science and technology award, but instead won the foreign award first? To this, the mainstream answer in the scientific community is: there is no way to determine the ownership of the award. In 1978, the scientific research results appraisal meeting of the "523" project finally determined that the successful development of artemisinin "is an honor for the collective of scientific and technological workers in our country, and each of the six invention units has its own inventions and creations." In this multi-page conclusion, the name of the discoverer was not mentioned. The "523" project of the grand collaboration ended in "successful completion". However, in the following decades, controversy continued. Tu Youyou was considered by many to be "not indifferent to fame and fortune" and "stubborn in personality." In 2009, when "Artemisia annua and Artemisinin Drugs" written by Tu Youyou was published, it attracted criticism for the details of the citations: it failed to fully affirm the role of other research groups and research members. Opponents believe that Tu Youyou exaggerated her role in the "523" project. Rao Yi, dean of the School of Life Sciences at Peking University, spoke highly of Tu Youyou's research work long before the Lasker Award was awarded. He mentioned: "As a non-controversial party, we also have certain difficulties in trying to communicate with Tu Youyou. We don't understand that she kept the original materials of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in her home for at least some time and was unwilling to show them to us. However, after reviewing some relevant non-public information, he still concluded that Tu Youyou played a key role in the discovery of artemisinin, because her research team was the first to extract Artemisia annua with ether and confirmed the highly effective antimalarial effect of crude Artemisia annua extract. Su Xinzhuan, a researcher at the Malaria Laboratory of the National Institutes of Health who accompanied Tu Youyou during the Lasker Award Award, believes that contributions from various people, from Artemisia annua to antimalarial drugs, must be indispensable, but the Lasker Award is not awarded to the entire organization because "as an award that encourages scientific discovery, the Lasker Award tends to be awarded only to the original discoverers." In the description of the Lasker Award Review Committee, Tu Youyou is a China woman who discovered artemisinin through "insight, vision and tenacious belief."