by Edward Shevardnadze

Eduard Shevardnaje (1928.1.25), also translated as Shevanaz, was a Georgian politician, the second president of Georgia (1995 ¨C 23 November 2003) and the foreign minister during the former Soviet regime of Gorbachev (1985 ¨C 1990). He resigned on the evening of 23 November 2003 due to fraud during the 2003 election, suspended protest and mass pressure by members of Congress.

Born on January 25, 1928, in a family of teachers on the coast of the Black Sea of Georgia, a Georgian. At the age of 18, he served as Minister of the Communist Party of Kuwait West District Committee, subsequently Second Secretary of the District Committee. In 1957, he was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In 1961, he was elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of Georgia, the Mkheta District Committee, and First Secretary of the Party Committee of the Fifth District of Tbilisi. In 1964, he was appointed First Deputy Minister of Georgian Foreign Affairs from 1965 to 1972. In 1972, he was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In 1976, Shevardnadze was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of

In 1992, he served as chairman of the State Council of Georgia. In October of the same year, he was elected President of the National Assembly (Head of State). In November 1993, he was elected President of the newly formed Georgian Citizens' Union. In November 1995, he was elected as the first elected President of Georgia after independence with an overwhelming majority of 74.3 percent. In the presidential election held in April 2000, he was re-elected with a vote of 80.8 percent, and played an active role in ending domestic political disputes and civil unrest. On November 2, 2003, a parliamentary election was held in Georgia, where opposition refused to acknowledge the outcome of the election on the grounds of fraud in the elections, organized a massive demonstration and demanded that Shevardnadze resign,