On March 6, 1898, the Qing government signed the Calma Border Treaty with Germany. In November 1897, two German missionaries were murdered in Shandong Giant Field, and military ships were sent to occupy the Gulf of Guangzhou, then forced the Qing government to sign this treaty. Main contents: (1) Germany leased the Gulf of Guangzhou for a period of 99 years; (2) Germany agreed to build two railways in Shandong, enjoying mining rights within 30 miles along the railway; (3) Germany had the priority to undertake various projects in Shandong.

In 1898, the Qing government rented the Qing Peninsula to the United Kingdom for ninety-nine years.