Rutherford Berchard Hays

Rutherford Berchard Hayes was the widow of Harvard University and began his career as a lawyer. During the Northern War, he was promoted repeatedly for military service until the General of the Volunteer Army. After the war, he began his political career. Twice elected as Congressman and three times as governor of Ohio, renowned for his "honesty and effectiveness" career. During the 1876 general election, due to the biggest ballot computing dispute in U.S. history, Hayes was proclaimed a legitimate president only two days before the president's inauguration. In his tenure, he worked to improve the domestic situation after the Civil War and achieved some achievements. He was the first to receive the President of the Permanent Assembly of China. Rutherford Hayes was a small store owner in 18

But the Republican Party met the prerequisites put forward by the Democratic Party. Hayes took office as president and achieved a balanced post-presidential performance, but did some useful work in breaking the "party fat" and implementing the civic system, opened the public exam for civil servants and selected the first river for admission. During Hayes' term, American technology developed rapidly, in 1877 Bell invented the telegram, in 1878 Edison invented the soundtrack, and the following year invented the electric light. Hayes made some achievements in foreign affairs, and it is worth mentioning that he took a friendly policy towards China.

After his resignation, he made some contributions to black education and prison reforms. In 1852, he married Lucy Well Weber and had seven children. In 1881, he returned to Ohio. He died in 1893. He made some contributions to black education and prison reforms after his resignation.

After the war he began his political career. In 1865 he was elected to Congress. In 1868 he was elected Governor of Ohio. Known for "Honesty and Efficiency". In 1876 he was nominated by the Republican Party as a presidential candidate. During the general election, there was a fierce competition between voters and candidates, due to the biggest vote count dispute in U.S. history, and in the end, a special committee composed of members of the National Assembly and the Supreme Judge ruled that he won. Hayes was declared a legitimate president only two days before the president's inauguration. But the Republican Party promised the Democratic Party's prerequisites.

In his four years as president, he appeared in the face of a competent and impartial reformist, making every effort to defend the president's authority from the erosion of party interests, struggling to practice his promises made during the campaign and in subsequent political transactions, in order to restore his image of a white politician contaminated by Derby's entry into the White House to repair the exchanges. President Hayes was the only one who did not undermine the then-prevailing party fragmentation in the appointed cabinet, and selected many talented people into the cabinet. He led the reform of the civic system. And in 1879 he exempted the Republican strong leader Chester Arthur (the twenty-first president of the United States) from the New York tax office. As an important measure of civic reform. Arthur used this position for

President Hayes helped to build a railroad to the Pacific Ocean by providing the southern states with federal grants needed for domestic improvement projects. And courting people with Whig backgrounds in the South. These measures eased the tension between the North and the South, so that President Hayes's three visits to the South were warmly welcomed.

During Hayes' term, American technology developed rapidly, in 1877 Bell invented the telegraph, in 1878 Edison invented the sounding machine, and the following year invented the electric light. In foreign policy, President Hayes relaxed the policy of American isolation and began to expand overseas. In 1879, the US-French Panama Canal crisis occurred at this time, President Hayes submitted a special consultation to Congress, in a tough statement that the United States had awakened to put this strategic channel under its control.

Later, the French company responsible for digging the canal went bankrupt, which led to the subsidy of the incident. Also in office, Hayes passed a treaty to seize the port of Paripari in the Samoa archipelago of the South Pacific as a supply depot for the U.S. Navy. Thus creating conditions for the United States to enter the Pacific Ocean. On October 4, 1878, President Hayes met with China's first minister to the United States. This was the first time that an American president met with a Chinese diplomatic envoy.

After the Hayes government came to power, in order to restore the destruction of the American capitalist economy caused by the American Civil War and restore people's trust in the federal government, the Hayes government implemented the following measures:

1. End the military control of the south. In 1877, U.S. President Hayes ordered U.S. troops to withdraw from Louisiana in the south, thus ending the federal military control of the South.

In 1879, the Government of Hayes began to implement the Grant Government's Law on the Restoration of Coin Payments, implementing the circulation of coins, allowing all green-backed notes to be paid in accordance with the value of the bill.

In 1877, the Hayes government issued a decree prohibiting government officials from engaging in political activities and required the U.S. Congress to establish a civil official committee, but the U.S. Congress did not approve the establishment.

The policies of the Hayes government promoted the development of the capitalist economy in the United States and restored people's trust in the federal government to a certain extent. At the same time, the second scientific and technological revolution was also in full swing in the United States. During this period, the scientific and technological undertakings in the United States developed rapidly, and the telephone and lighting equipment of the White House were installed during this period.

As early as the mid-19th century, with the mining of gold mines in California and the development of the western United States, the United States needed a large number of cheap labor, so some American businessmen abducted Chinese workers to the United States through compradores in China and human traffickers in coastal areas of China.

In the 1970s, the railway was built in California, the Pacific Railway was built by the railway, and by 1880, the railway was 9% of the total population of California, but since the railway was built, the railway movement in the United States occurred, there were many cases of beating and insulting the railway workers, while the railway workers appealed to local courts and often lost lawsuits. The railway workers were also often executed, and in 1872, 15 railway workers were executed by the mobs in Los Angeles.

In order to completely exclude Chinese workers, in 1879, the U.S. Congress passed a bill stipulating that any immigrant ship should not carry more than 15 Chinese workers at a time. However, President Hayes of the United States vetoed this bill, because doing so would harm the interests of the United States in China, so the Hayes government sent Secretary of State Evarts to negotiate with China and try to amend the Puanchen Treaty signed with China in 1868. After many negotiations with the Qing government, on November 17th, 1880, the Hayes government signed a treaty with China, stipulating that the United States has the right to restrict or stop Chinese workers from entering the United States.

During the reign of the Haitian government, the United States began to expand into the South Pacific region. As early as 1839, an expedition of the United States arrived in the South Pacific Samoa Islands. With the rise of U.S. maritime power, the U.S. demand for offshore coal stations increased in order to occupy the Samoa Islands. In 1875, the Haitian government signed a trade treaty with the Samoa Islands, and the U.S. gained the privilege of using the Pago Pago port of the Samoa Islands as a U.S. offshore coal stations and offshore supply stations. This policy of the Haitian government created conditions for the U.S. to expand its sphere of power into the Samoa Islands.

The shortcoming of President Hayes's tenure lies in the reconstruction of the South. President Hayes withdrew the troops in the last two states in the South (Louisiana and South Carolina), ending the military control of the North over the South. White southerners regained control of the rights of the South, thus making the power of black southerners unable to be guaranteed. (But there is no way, withdrawal from the South is one of the terms of Hayes' political deal as president.) Hayes originally pursued a pacification policy in the South, hoping to establish a new Republican Party in the South with white industrialists and conservatives to unite around. However, the result was disappointing. Although many conservative Democrats in the south clearly expressed their support for the Republican Party's economic policy and approved of President Hayes's conservative financial policy, they were soberly aware that if they wanted to join the rebuilt party, they would suffer a devastating blow in the election. Therefore, despite Hayes's unremitting efforts, he still failed to win the long-term cooperation of conservative Democrats in the south.

Instead, his policy of appointing Southern Democrats into the federal government and reassuring the South was resisted by authoritarian figures within the party, making many of President Hayes¡¯ own proposals difficult for Congress to pass.

On March 5, 1881, Hayes handed over his presidential power to his successor, Republican President Garfield. The next day, Hayes and his wife returned to their home in Fremont, Ohio. In the following 12 years of retirement, he devoted most of his time to charity and did a lot of work silently.

He served as chairman of the Strammer Foundation, which helps black people improve black education in the South, dedicated to improving black people's educational conditions, he was chairman of several universities, engaged in school affairs, he was also a advocate of vocational education, he also served as chairman of the National Prison Association, actively engaged in reforming prisons so that they do not lead to crime due to poverty. In addition, Hayes also established the Berchard Library, founded the Chamber of Commerce of Holy Mont, funded the construction of churches, and so on.