On this day 415 years ago, on May 14th, 1610 (leap March 22nd of 1610 in the lunar calendar), King Henry IV of France died. The monarch of France (French: monarque de France, December 13, 1553-May 14, 1610) has ruled France since the Middle Ages. His official title was first "King" (French: Roi), and Napoleon I added "Emperor" (French: Empereur). The title did not end until the French monarchy was completely overthrown in 1870, and the rule of successive French monarchs came to an end. There has always been a lot of debate about when the concept of "France" or "France" as a country began to be counted. Among them, the earliest statement of the beginning of "France" is from the defeat of Syagorius, the last Roman official in Gaul, by Merovingian king Clovis I of the Frankish Kingdom in 486 AD. The last king of the Merovingian dynasty was deposed in the eighth century, replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, and Charlemagne was crowned emperor, turning the Frankish Kingdom into the Frankish Empire. However, in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Charlemagne's three grandsons divided the empire into three, and Charles the Bald gained the west and established the Kingdom of West Francia. Many historians regard the Kingdom of West Frank as the embryonic form of modern France, and regard the founding year of West Frank in 843 as the founding year of France. Another date considered to be the beginning of "France" is the year 987, which many medieval historians favor. In that year, Louis V, the last king of West Franks, died, and Hugues Capet, the French Duke who ruled Paris-Ile-de-France, was elected king, establishing the Kingdom of France and beginning the rule of the direct Capetian dynasty. King of Franks, however, the above traditional view of the origin of modern France is problematic from a historical point of view (see Modern Studies in the following bibliography). According to recent historical tendencies, this list begins with the founding of the Kingdom of West Francia by Charles the Bald in 843, because West Francia directly developed into what is now France. For the monarchs of the previous Franks, see the list of Frankish kings. In addition to the monarchs listed in this table, successive monarchs of England and Great Britain from 1340 to 1360 and from 1369 to 1801 also claimed the title of "King of France" (see English pretenders to the French throne). For a short time, this "claim" became a reality-under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes signed in 1420, King Charles VI of France confirmed his son-in-law, King Henry V of England, as regent and heir to the French throne. In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died one after another. Henry VI, who was still in infancy, inherited his father's English throne and his grandfather's French throne, and became the co-owner of Britain and France. Until 1435 most of northern France was under occupation by English troops, but by 1453 the British had lost all French territory except the port of Calais, which was also recovered by the French in 1558, and the Channel Islands. Nevertheless, subsequent British kings still claimed the title of "King of France" until the establishment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Many English monarchs from 1337 to 1422 also claimed the title of "King of France", but only intermittently. Although the Kingdom of West Francia died in 987, successive French kings still used the title of "King of the Franks" (Latin: Rex Francorum) until Philip IV changed to "King of France" (French: Roide France, or translated "King of France"). During the brief period of the French Constitution of 1791 (1791-1792) and after the July Revolution of 1830, the title "King of France (et de Navarre)" (French: Roides France (et de Navarre)) was replaced by "King of the French" (French: Roides Fran? ais). It was a constitutional innovation, which linked the title of monarch to the French people rather than the French territory, in an attempt to make the French monarchy more popular with the people. After Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor, he followed suit and adopted the form of "Empereur des Fran? ais". The assassination of Henry IV