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Amy North, the mother of abstract algebra.

On March 23, 1882, Amy Nord was born to a Jewish family in Ireland, Germany, whose father, Max Nord, was a professor of mathematics in Ireland. Possibly influenced by her father, Amy Nord had a special hobby for mathematics from childhood. In the autumn of 1900, because the girls were not allowed to enroll, she began lecturing at the University of Ireland as an assistant student. Until 1904, she was officially enrolled in the University of Ireland to study and specialize in mathematics, and received a doctorate in 1907.

Amy North’s mathematics was appreciated by mathematical giant Hilbert and others, who hired her to teach at the University of Göttingen, but was opposed by some professors, and after a long and determined struggle by Hilbert, Klein and many scientists, in 1922 Amy North finally became the “official associate professor” at the University of Göttingen, speaking generic mathematics. During this time, Nord published two important papers that gave Einstein’s general theory of relativity a rigorous mathematical approach. This work, known as the North theory, has become a cornerstone for some aspects of relativity and fundamental particle theory.

Norris' most important contribution was in the field of algebra. She founded a new method of algebra study, opened new heavens for the development of generic mathematics, she established the exchange ring theory, making it an important branch of generic mathematics, this theory has important applications in the algebra geometry, generic theory, topology, reversal function theory and group rationality. Norris is honored as the 'mother of abstract algebra'. Norris has also made an important contribution to the cultivation of a large number of successors of generic mathematics. The doctoral thesis of Chinese generic mathematicians was her guidance, unfortunately, because of Mr. Zhou's early death, the abstract generic number failed to quickly flourish in China.

Nord taught at Göttingen University for 13 consecutive years. She made outstanding achievements, but she was never appraised as a professor. Unfortunately, in 1933, only four months after Hitler came to power, he frantically excluded Jews. Nord was dismissed from his post and fell into poverty. Later, Nord went to the United States and worked at the Princeton Research Institute where Einstein worked. During this period, she gave lectures and wrote books at the same time. With superhuman perseverance, she climbed the peak of the mathematical kingdom, made outstanding contributions to mankind, and wrote a glorious chapter in the history of world mathematical development.

Norde returned to Germany in 1934 to visit the University of Göttingen and old friends around the world, returned to the United States in 1935 and underwent an operation in April, unfortunately with complications, less than a week, the talented female mathematician with the world, aged 53.

Keywords: March 23, 1882, Amy, abstract algebra, birth


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