Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II Nikolayevich (§¡§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§â II §¯§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§Ö§Ó§Ú§éFrom 17 April 1818 to 13 March 1881 and from 2 March 1855 to 1881), was the eldest son of Russian Emperor Nicholas I.

In 1814, when Alexander I led the great army of the French army, the glory of Tsarist Russia as the main force to defeat Napoleon reached its peak. In the following 40 years, Russia, as the backbone of the "Sacred Alliance", played the role of the "European Guard", including the military to suppress the Hungarian revolution, which had not been related to it.

But the Crimean War of 1853-1856 caused Russia to fall from the top of its glory to the bottom of the valley of shame, had wanted to bite a piece of fat on Turkey from years of defeat, did not expect to encounter the interference of the British and French, in this war, the Russian backwardness and corruption exposed, from gun to ship to road, all and the British France a big break. Tsar Nicholas I collapsed and poisoned himself in the situation of the battle and defeat of the north.

Aleksandr II was trained as an heir to the throne from an early age. Under the influence of his teacher, Zhukovsky, who advocated a relaxed monarchy, he was also able to accept some * ideas. In his youth, he traveled around Europe, broadened his horizons and was more able to reflect on the reality of Russia.

Alexander II's reforms focused on the military, social, judicial and administrative systems. In military Russia began to practice compulsory military service, prohibiting physical punishment in the army. In the social sphere, increased investment in education and healthcare, since 1863, Russian universities gained autonomy, and the academic air gradually shifted to liberalization. From 1864, secondary educational institutions began to receive students from the whole society, changing previous practices of accepting only nobility boys. During this period, the first female secondary schools in Russia were also opened, and girls also received the right to receive higher education and medical professional education. The status of Russian women in Alexander II's society was higher than European women.

On January 1, 1864, Alexander II issued a decree announcing the establishment of the "Gentry Conference" at the local level. The Gentry Council is not only a deliberative organ with the participation of all local social strata, but also given some administrative functions: local communications, transportation, medical care, health, education and charitable institutions are all in charge of the Gentry Council. In November of that year, Russia started judicial reform again, and began to implement the jury system throughout Russia. All cases were tried to a court system, and the defendants were given the right to hire lawyers. At the same time, the imperial edict stipulated the inviolability of judges and cancelled all privileges of the aristocratic class in the process of legal proceedings.

During the reign of Alexander II, the Russian Art Museum, namely the famous Tretyakov Gallery, was officially opened to the public (1856), the Marinski Theatre in St. Petersburg (1860), the Moscow Zoo (1864), the Moscow Academy of Music (1866), the Russian Telecommunications Agency (1866), the Moscow History Museum (1875), the first Russian power plant (1879), the era of electrification began in St. Petersburg. In addition, during this period, a large number of social organizations in the field of art, medicine and education appeared in Russia, and the first groups of social charities appeared.

Under the auspices of Alexander II, from 1863 to 1866, the Detailed Dictionary of Russian compiled by the famous Russian scholar Dali was published. In 1858, Russia began to issue its first set of stamps.

Alexander II ended the years-long war in the Caucasus, completely incorporating the Caucasus region into the Russian map in 1864. Between 1858 and 1860, Russia, through the means of signing treaties, without any cost, first seized from the hands of China all the lands north of the Rhine and then east of the Ussuri River. From the second half of the 19th century, Russia began to actively develop Siberia and the Far East.

Between 1864 and 1865, Turkmenistan and other Central-Asian countries were incorporated into the Russian map. In order to better develop Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East, Russia decided to sell Alaska to the United States (other literature says that the lease period was 99 years). In 1867, Russia and the United States signed a treaty to sell Alaska for $7.2 million. In 1875, Russia signed a treaty with Japan in St. Petersburg, and Japan recognized South Sahara Island as Russian territory.

On March 1, 1871, at the London Peace Conference, Russia finally overturned the treaty signed after its defeat in the Russo-Turkish War in 1856, and cancelled unfavorable clauses such as Russia's ban on having a naval fleet in the Black Sea. On April 12, 1877, the Russo-Turkish War broke out again. This time Russia won a brilliant victory. On March 3rd of the following year, Russia and Turkey signed the Treaty of Saint St.

"Alexander II" in historyThere are four:

Alexander II Nikolayevich (Russia), Alexander II Nikolayevich, 17 April 1818 ¨C 13 March 1881 and 2 March 1855 ¨C 1881.

Alexander II (Scotland), Alexander II (1198-1249) King of Scotland (11214-1 Alexander II (Scotland) 249 in power).

Alexander II (Pope of Rome), Anselmo Anselmo Baggio (April 21, 1073), served as Pope from September 30, 1061 to April 21, 1073.

Alexander II (Macedonia), Alexandre II, king of Macedonia (370 BC - 368 BC).