On 9 March 1152, Frederick I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

A. Catherine of Swarton (Swaban)

Friedrich I von Staufen (1050 ¨C 21 July 1105) was the Prince of Germany, Duke of Suffolk since 1079. He was the first ruler of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Suffolk.

During the battle between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and the Pope and His Majesty, Rudolf von Rheinfeld, Duke of Suffolk from the Welf family, was stripped of his arm by Henry IV for being firmly opposed to the Emperor and embraced as a hostile king, and his territory was also deprived. Henry IV turned to dedicate the Kingdom of Suffolk to Herbert.

In 1099, the marriage of Herodotus I to the German daughter of Henry IV, Agnese, further strengthened the relationship between the Hofstaven family and the Frankish family. The children of Herodotus included Herodotus II (the father of the red bearded Herodotus) and Conrad III, the first king of the Hofstaven dynasty.

2. Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (photo)

Friedrich I, nicknamed Barbarossa, (c. 1122-10 June 1190), German king of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty (reigned 1152-1190) and Holy Roman Emperor (crowned in 1155). He was also German Duke of Swabia (known as Frederick III, from 1147) and King of Italy (1154-1186). His father was Frederick II, Duke of Swaben, and his mother was Judith of Bavaria (of the Welf family). By kinship, he was the nephew of Emperor Conrad III.

1. Domestic policy

Frederick I, like all talented emperors, tried to control the unruly princes in Germany. He issued a fiefdom edict in 1158, requiring all who accepted fiefdom to perform military service for the emperor. His other major move was to divide the large vassal domains into multiple chunks, so that Austria was separated from the Duchy of Bavaria in 1156, making it an independent duchy. Frederick I sought to unite the royal territories and rely on his retainers to rule.

2. Invasion of Italy

In order to conquer the cities of Lombardy and make these wealthy regions the source of taxes for the empire, Ferdinand I pursued a long-standing policy of invading Italy. He carried out five military invasions of Italy (1545, 1158, 1163, 1166 and 1174). In 1158, Ferdinand I issued the so-called Lugansk decree, forcing the cities of Lombardy to be placed under the rule of the mayor appointed by the emperor. The most powerful of these cities, Milan, refused to obey orders, resulting in the invasion of Ferdinand I in 1158. German cavalry would almost destroy Milán. The brutality of the German cavalry united these cities, they joined with the pope, and in 1167 formed the Alliance of the Western Patriarchate of Lomb

Fighting with Lion Henry

Though Frederick I and his empire were notoriously heightened, Germany had already formed a monarchy, and his centralized policy remained strongly challenged. His main enemies and competitors were the Duke of Saxony, Lion Henry and reigned in Bavaria in 1156. In 1174 because of Lion Henry's refusal to participate in military operations against Italy, Frederick I attacked Henry and defeated him. Henry's majority of land was deprived, retaining only Brunswick and Lübeck. But Frederick I did not divide the territory that Lion Henry had confiscated into royal territory, but divided them to other ducs. From then on, it became a custom in Germany that the unconquered Duke's territory could only be owned by the Emperor for a short period.

The Third Crusade and the death of Frederick I

In 1189, Frederick I led the Third Crusade with Richard I the Lionheart and Philip II Augustus after reconciliation with the Pope. However, after all, he failed to reach the Holy Land. He accidentally drowned in the Salefa River in Asia Minor.

5 Evaluation and assessment

¡°The enemy pushed you, and you did not destroy the lock once with your own strength... So you called the Franks; they were simply praying, and there was no honour there.¡±

¡°You have to be an example for others, so that the turbulent empire can be rebuilt through you.¡± ¨C Frederick I persuades Lion Henry to take part in the expedition

Defenders of Justice, Lovers of Law ¨C Contemporary Reviews of Frederick I