On this day, 1020 years ago, January 28, 1005 (December 16, 1004, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao State signed the Wuyuan Alliance. In September 1004 AD (the first year of Jingde of the Song Dynasty), the Liao army once again headed south on a large scale and headed straight for Changzhou (now Puyang, Henan), threatening Tokyo (now Kaifeng). The Song Dynasty was in a panic, and most of its ministers advocated moving the capital to Jinling or Chengdu to avoid the front. However, the Kou Zhun strongly resisted and advised Song Zhenzong to personally go to the front line to supervise the troops to boost morale. Song Zhenzong had no determination to resist, so before arriving in Changzhou, he sent Cao to the Liao camp to negotiate peace. The nobles of the Liao State died because of the ambush of the Central Song army when general Xiao Talan arrived in Changzhou, and the morale of the Liao army was greatly reduced. In December, Liao sent envoys to the Song Camp to negotiate peace, and Emperor Zhenzong of Song sent Cao to the Liao Camp to negotiate. He agreed to transfer 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk to the Liao side every year, and to divide the country with the Baigou River as the boundary. It was agreed to negotiate and contract a peace contract with the Liao side in Changzhou on January 28, 1005 (December 17, the first year of Jingde Song Dynasty). Changzhou is also named Qianyuan County, hence it is called the "Alliance of Changzhou." In the first year of Jingde of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty (1004), Empress Dowager Xiao of Liao Dynasty and Yelu Longxu of Liao Dynasty personally led their army deep into the Song Dynasty in the name of recovering Waqiao Pass (now the old Nanguan Pass in Xiong County, Hebei Province). Xiao Talin broke through Suicheng, captured Song general Wang Xianzhi alive, attacked Dingzhou vigorously, and captured Song Yunzhou Observer Wang Jizhong. The Song army defended the city. The Song court was shaken, and Zhenzong was afraid of the enemy and wanted to move the capital to the south. Song minister Wang Qinruo advocated moving the capital to Shengzhou (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and Chen Yaosou advocated moving the capital to Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan). Prime Minister Kou Zhun strongly requested Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng to personally march. Song Zhenzong was forced north. At this time, Kou Zhun relied heavily on generals such as Yang Si and Yang Yanlang (son of Yang Ye, later renamed Yanzhao), who had made numerous military achievements in previous battles against Liao. Yang Yanlang wrote a letter, suggesting that "the troops should be organized and their key routes should be guarded, so that they can be wiped out, that is, the Youzhou and Yi prefectures can be attacked and captured", but it was not adopted. The Song army shot and killed Xiao Talin, the commander of the Nanjing Army of the Liao Dynasty, with an ambush crossbow on the front line of Changzhou. The morale of the Liao army was frustrated. Judging from the above data, the Liao State continued to provoke at the border of the Northern Song Dynasty until it advanced. It can be seen that it covet the Central Plains and attempted to annex the Northern Song Dynasty, triggering a war between the two countries. This was the direct reason for the Yuyuan alliance concluded by the two countries. When the Liao army arrived in Dingzhou, the two armies faced each other. Wang Jizhong took the opportunity to persuade Empress Dowager Xiao to make peace with the Song Dynasty. Liao was afraid of being attacked from both sides and back, so he proposed a peace treaty, which was initially rejected by Zhenzong. In November, the Liao army was defeated by the Song army in Shuozhou, and the Liao army of the Kelan Army withdrew due to lack of food and fodder. The main force of the Liao army was concentrated at the city of Yingzhou (now Hejian, Hebei) and kept attacking the city day and night. Ji Yanwo, the defending general of the Song army, defended the city and fought fiercely for more than ten days. Xiao Talin and Xiao Guanyinu led their troops to conquer Qizhou. Empress Dowager Xiao and others led their troops to join forces to attack Jizhou and Beizhou (now Qinghe, Hebei). The Song Dynasty "ordered all the troops and the soldiers of Changzhou to join the Tianxiong Army." The Liao army captured Deqing (now Qingfeng, Henan) and surrounded Changzhou (now Puyang, Henan) on three sides. Song general Li Jilong defended the gate of Changzhou. After Zhao Heng visited North City, he was also affected by this atmosphere, so he calmed down and left Kou Zhun in charge of all matters in North City, and returned to South City to live. At this time, the Khitan side encountered certain difficulties, because although their troop dispatch was progressing smoothly, the front line was too long and supplies were very difficult. In addition, the army marched into the hinterland of the Song Dynasty alone. If they were defeated, the consequences would be unimaginable. Empress Dowager Xiao herself was also a very pragmatic leader. Before sending troops, she had already made preparations for war and peace. Therefore, under this circumstance, she also had the intention to negotiate peace with the Song Dynasty, so she followed the advice of the surrendered general Wang Jizhong and sent people to Changzhou to convey her wish to stop fighting. This was exactly Zhao Heng's wish, so he immediately replied that the Song Dynasty did not like militarism and was willing to reach a settlement with the Khitan. He also sent Dianzhi Cao to use it as an envoy to negotiate peace matters with the Khitan. After hearing the news, Kou Zhun hurriedly rushed back to Nancheng to remonstrate with Zhao Heng, saying that the Khitan was at the end of its strength and it was a good time to defeat them. Border defense general Yang Yanzhao also sent someone to write, saying that the enemy was exhausted and our army's morale was high. It was time to seize this opportunity to guard all major roads, encircle the enemy and annihilate them, and then take advantage of the victory north to recover the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun. Unfortunately, Zhao Heng was afraid of the enemy like a tiger and only wanted to make peace. The ministers in the court were also afraid of the Khitan and expressed their support for the consultation, and even joined forces to attack Kou Zhun, supporting his troops and self-respecting himself. In desperation, Kou Zhun had no choice but to agree to make peace with the Khitan. Since both parties have the intention to reconcile, the rest will be easier to handle. It will be nothing more than a matter of bargaining. Zhao Heng was rich and didn't care about money. At first, the Khitan sent people to say that the Song Dynasty would return the land south of Waqiao Pass that had been taken away by Zhou Shizong. Zhao Heng was afraid that he would cede the land and seek peace and be scolded by future generations, so he said to the envoy Cao Li: "No talk about ceding land. Don't worry if you give more money." Cao used it and asked what was the bottom line? Zhao Heng said without hesitation: "If I have to, I can do it for a million. "After Kou Zhun heard this, he secretly called Cao Yicheng over and said," Although the emperor has a million promises, if it exceeds 300,000, I will chop off your head." Cao took the order and went to the Liaoying camp to negotiate, and finally reached an agreement: Liao and Song were brothers, and Shengzong of Liao was young and called Song Zhenzong his brother. Later generations still regarded him as his brother. With the Baigou River as the border, both sides withdrew their troops. (Liao returned Song Suicheng and Zhuo, Ying and Mo prefectures.) From then on, if there are thieves and fugitives who cross the border, they are not allowed to stay in hiding. Everything was normal in the cities along the border of the two dynasties, and no city gods were allowed to be built. The Song Dynasty provided Liao with 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk every year for "military assistance expenses." Delivery to Xiongzhou. The two sides set up a monopoly market at the border to carry out mutual market trade. On the issue of annual coins, the Khitan were eager to seek peace and did not dare to make a big fuss. After several bargaining, the two sides reached a figure of 300,000 silver silk to the Khitan by the Song Dynasty every year. Cao used his consciousness to complete the task honorably and excitedly went back to deliver the decree. When they came to visit, Zhao Heng was having dinner. The waiter asked Cao Yicheng how much silver he promised to give the Khitan. Cao Yicheng said: "It is a confidential matter and must report to the Emperor in person." The waiter said,"There is probably a number so that the emperor can have a certain idea." Cao Kuan still didn't say anything, but just stretched out three fingers and placed them on his forehead, meaning 300,000 taels. The waiter went in and reported back. Zhao Heng asked,"How much silver did Cao Zhou promise to the Khitan? "The waiter replied: " I don't know the details, but it's about three million taels." After hearing this, Zhao Heng shouted: "Ah! This is too much! Too many!" Then he beat his chest and stomped his feet with worry. After a long time, he suddenly thought about it again and said,"Three million will be three million! Our Song Dynasty is not short of money!" After a while, Zhao Heng finished his meal and invited Cao Yizhi in. Cao Kuan had just heard Zhao Heng shout "Too much" in the temple, and he was so scared that he was scared that he was scared. As soon as he entered the temple, he fell to the ground and pleaded guilty: "I deserve to die for my crimes. I have promised too much silver to the Khitan this time. "Zhao Heng was even more convinced that it was three million taels, but he still wanted to confirm it, so he asked weakly: " How much silver did you promise them?" Cao Yong replied nervously: "300,000 taels." After hearing this, Zhao Heng shouted with an "ah" again: "You are very good at doing things, very good at doing things!" Later, Cao was heavily rewarded for his use. After the Yuyuan Alliance, the Northern Song Dynasty set up monopoly markets in Xiongzhou (now Xiong County in Hebei Province) and Bazhou (now Bazhou in Hebei Province) on the border to open up transactions. Porcelain making and printing technology in the Northern Song Dynasty was passed to Liao Dynasty. The Northern Song government exchanged spices, rhinoceros horns, ivory, tea, porcelain, lacquer ware, rice and silk fabrics for Liao sheep, horses, camels and other livestock. Private transactions are also very developed. Archaeologists have discovered porcelain, lacquerware, copper coins and other cultural relics made in the Song Dynasty in ancient cities and tombs of the Liao Dynasty in today's Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. These all flowed into the Liao territory through trade. Trade between the Liao and Song Dynasties promoted economic and cultural exchanges and development between the Qidan and Han peoples, and enhanced the friendship between the two peoples. After the alliance in Yuyuan, Kou Zhun failed and was suspected by Song Zhenzong. Soon after, Song Zhenzong used an excuse to demote him out of the court and appointed the conciliator Wang Qinruo as prime minister. In this way, the Song Dynasty did not want to recover the sixteen prefectures of Youyun. Something happened in Liao Dynasty at this time. In 1009, Empress Dowager Xiao and Han Derang died of illness in the same year. The following year, Liao and Koryo fought. Then, divisions began to occur within the Liao regime, and Liao was no longer able to send large-scale troops south. After the alliance of Yuyuan, Song and Liao did not have a war for decades. There were only two important negotiations during this period. The first time was in 1042 (the second year of the Qing calendar of Song Renzong), when Liao took advantage of the war between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Western Xia Dynasty to extort land from the Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty added 100,000 taels of silver and 100,000 pieces of silk to Liao. The other time was in 1074 (the seventh year of Xining of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty), when Liao called for the Northern Song Dynasty to build additional fortresses on the Shanxi border to destroy the border and demanded demarcation. The following year, the Song government allowed the watershed to be used as a boundary and gave up some land. The first positive impact is that Fu Bi believes that if the annual expenditure is less than 1% of the cost of using troops,"then we know that the alliance is in the deep reaches and there is no mistake." "Fertility thrives, cattle and sheep are wild, and people wearing white clothes (white-haired elderly people) do not know how to work." Second, the war state was ended, leaving the Liao and Song border in a relatively peaceful state for a long time. Third, huge amounts of war expenses were saved, excessive corvee and the pressure of court taxes caused by years of heavy troops guarding the border were avoided, and effects that were difficult to obtain in the war were obtained at a very small price. It promotes economic exchanges between the two countries, is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides, and is conducive to the cultural development of the Chinese nation. Negative influence Wang Anshi and Fu Bi believed that after the Yuyuan alliance, the governments of Zhenzong, Renzong, and Yingzong of the Song Dynasty "forgot to fight and removed their troops", and the Hebei Army and the Jingshi Army "abandoned all their weapons", leaving only the Shaanxi Army available. Military officials such as Ma Zhijie, Cao Wei, and Wang Deyong were excluded. The civil officials took control of the Xifu Prefecture. Wang Qinruo and Chen Yaosou were deeply favored, which led to the increase of coins in the Qing Dynasty. The alliance of Yuyuan was the result of Shenzong seeking peace under a favorable military situation. For the Song Dynasty, on the one hand, the lost territory of the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun could not be recovered, and on the other hand, it had to transfer gold and silk so that the Liao State would not invade the south. Since then, the Liao Dynasty continued to demand it, exchanging money for peace so that the Northern Song Dynasty would no longer be prepared for danger in times of peace. For the Liao State, it took advantage of the unfavorable military situation and gained something that could not be obtained on the battlefield. However, after the Yuyuan Alliance, the Song and Liao sides generally maintained peace for more than a hundred years, which was very beneficial to the trade relations, people-to-people exchanges and the integration of various ethnic groups between the two countries. It created conditions for economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the northern border areas. Jiang Fucong once said that the alliance between Song, Liao and Yuan "influenced China's ideological circles and the entire history of China." Huang Renyu said: "Therefore, the Jianyuan Alliance is a product of geopolitics, which means that these two competitive systems once maintained a balance of power regionally.