Robert Guiscard (? - 1085) was a hero among Norman adventurers. He led ten brothers and subordinates to Italy. From 1054 to 1059, he defeated the Byzantine army, occupied Calabria and Apulia, and forced the Pope to recognize him as a duke. In 1059, the Pope made Guiscard a duke, recognizing his rule of southern Italy, including Apulia and Galabania. In 1071, after a four-year siege, Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, was captured. At the same time, he supported his brother Rogel (Roger) in occupying Sicily. As a result, the Normans controlled all of southern Italy. marksThe rule of the Eastern Roman Empire in Italy officially ended¡£