157 years ago today, on May 3, 1868 (April 11, 1868 in the lunar calendar), the period of shogunate rule in Japan ended. The political rule of the Japanese feudal warriors was carried out through the shogunate. Also known as samurai politics. The word shogunate originated in ancient Chinese and refers to the general's office at the time of the expedition. In Japan, it originally referred to the residence of General Konway, and was transferred to the residence of the head of the samurai, General Seimi (referred to as the general). Later, it was also called the central government headed by the general as the shogunate. It began with the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192, and the Shogunate of Muromachi in the Nakagi Shogunate, until the Tokugawa Kyoki of the Edo shogunate returned to the emperor in 1867. Shogunate politics ended. The Kamakura shogunate (1185 The establishment of the Kamakura shogunate marked the end of the era when Japan was actually ruled by the central aristocracy. Samurai, who had a low status in the aristocratic era, came to the stage of history. They despised the depressed life of the aristocracy of the Heian Dynasty, and advocated the idea of "loyalty to the king, righteousness, humility, bravery, and perseverance". Combined with Confucianism, Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, and Shinto, they formed the spiritual pillar of the samurai, "Bushido". In fact, the word "shogunate" is the same as the word "general", and both originated in China. However, once the generals in China opened the establishment of the shogunate, once they seized the power of the world, they would soon change the dynasty. There has never been a situation where the imperial court is still there, but the real power has been in the hands of the shogunate for many generations. Therefore, although China has a shogun After the death of the Genrai Dynasty, the power of the shogunate was gradually controlled by the Kitajo family, a relative of the Genji family. In 1203, the Shogunate of Kitajo became the head of the government office, and in 1213, the Shogunate served as both the government office and the service office. The Shogunate then transitioned from the dictatorship of the generals to the politics of the Kitajo family. In 1221 (three years of Chengjiu), Emperor Hou Toba, who was dissatisfied with the existence of the shogunate, launched a tabernacle war (Chengjiu's Rebellion), and was defeated. After the war, the shogunate exiled Hou Toba and other three emperors, abolished Emperor Nakamura, and established Emperor Hou Horihe. A new six-polo probe was established to monitor the royal family, and more than 3,000 manors of the royals and nobles involved in the rebellion were confiscated. The In addition to setting up a joint signature and appointing members of the same clan in Hokojo, in order to ease the internal contradictions of the samurai and win the support of the Yu family, an evaluation group was set up in 1225, composed of 15 powerful members of the Yu family, and together with the Hokojo family participated in the curtain government. In 1324, Emperor Houdaigo raised his army to end the curtain. In 1333, Emperor Ashikaga of the Shimano clan responded. In May, the Ueno clan Yoshizhen Nishida invaded Kamakura, and the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed. Emperor Houdaigo was in charge, and the name of the era was changed to Jianwu in the second year, which was the period of Jianwu Zhongxing. In the Heian era, the samurai leader Genryasu (1147~ 1199) was dissatisfied with Emperor Ashikaga's policy of despising the interests of the samurai. He rebelled in 1335 and captured Kyoto in 1336. By the time the third-generation general Ashikaga Yoshimachi was full, the shogunate reached its heyday. In 1378, a new shogunate was built in Muromachi, Kyoto. In 1392, the Northern and Southern Dynasties were merged to realize the rule of Quanwa, and the imperial court existed in name only. The shogunate structure was further improved: the general was under the control of the general, the general was in charge, and the general was assisted. The three guardians of the Ashikari clan, Daimyo Shibo, Hosokawa, and Hataka (tián), took turns to serve as the "three chiefs". It consists of the guard of the office, the finance department of the office, the documents of the injection department, the evaluation committee, and the litigation of the citation Among them, the most important head of the shogunate is called the shogunate, which is held by the four Yamana, Ise, Akamatsu, and Kyoji in turn, and is called the "four names". It can be seen that the Muromachi shogunate is actually a powerful joint regime that guards the daimyo centered on the general. The shogunate has a small territory, few direct military forces, and its power is not as good as that of the generals in the early days of the Kamakura shogunate. The guardian daimyo who rules various "kingdoms" has territories, samurai, and retainers, and has a strong local separatist nature. Since the time of Ashikori Yoshiki, there have been rebellions to protect the daimyo from time to time. Due to the intensification of exploitation by the shogunate and the guardian daimyo, the joint During the 8th generation of general Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, a large-scale civil strife broke out in the ruling class, and the chaos of civilization broke out (see Yingren's chaos). From then on, it entered the late period of the Muromachi shogunate - the Warring States Period. After that, the shogunate and the guardian daimyo forces were all in decline, and the local lords and samurai took the opportunity to develop their forces and fought each other. In the competition, Oda Nobunaga's power gradually surpassed that of other warring daimyo. He entered Kyoto in 1568 and destroyed the Muromachi shogunate in 1573, and Japan embarked on the road to unification. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed as the general of the city and established a shogunate in Edo. By the time of the third generation of general Tokugawa Iyako, the shogunate was generally complete. The shogunate territory accounts for about The general is the supreme ruler of the country, with the old and middle, who decides policies, oversees government affairs, and is responsible for controlling the imperial court, daimyo and diplomacy; the daimyo is the ruler of each vassal state, with the old and nian mai, etc., who directly rules the people, and has the administrative, judicial and annual tribute collection rights of the territory. The shogunate has an inspector and an inspector known as Mpay to supervise the vassal states, and takes measures such as the daimyo's participation in the Hajj account and the change of the daimyo to control the daimyo, but the vassal states still have relative independence. Therefore, a political system of divided rule among the vassal states under the control of General Tokugawa was formed. At the end of the 17th century, due to the development of the commodity economy, the Miku system experienced a crisis, which was In order to cope with the crisis, the shogunate implemented reforms from the mid-18th century to the 1840s, but it did not work. After the founding of Japan in 1854, the national crisis exacerbated the feudal crisis. Under the impetus of the lower-level warriors of the reformists, Satsuma, Changzhou and other southwestern powerful vassals gradually adopted different policies from the shogunate, colonizing and promoting business and resisting foreign enemies. Under the pressure of the end-of-the-shogunate peasant uprising and the end-of-the-curtain movement centered on the southwestern powerful vassals such as Sacho, the fifteenth-generation general Tokugawa Kiyoshi was forced to declare the return of the shogunate at the end of 1867. On December 9, 1867, the Fallen On May 3, 1868, Tokugawa Kiyoshi, under the lobbying of the navy, agreed to surrender, handed over Edo, was sealed in Shizuoka, and 700,000 Ishidi. Edo ended under the 265-year rule of the Tokugawa shogunate.