102 years ago today, on April 15, 1923 (February 30, 1923, the lunar calendar), Canadian doctor Banting discovered insulin for the benefit of diabetic patients. Banting discovered insulin Banting was born on November 14, 1891. On August 5, 1921, insulin was discovered with Best, and later, he worked with McLeod to obtain hormones with stable effects on treating diabetes. On April 15, 1923, Banting and McLeod jointly discovered insulin and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He distributed part of the prize money to Best. He was killed in a plane crash during World War II on February 21, 1941. Banting discovered that the legendary epic story of insulin has a story as exciting as any Hollywood inspirational blockbuster. Whether it is the historical figures or their life trajectories, it can be said that it should be a good script for the Academy Awards without any exaggeration. This history of insulin not only tells the story of the never-ending intellectual exploration and social progress of human civilization, but also explains the persistence and success of life; loyalty and selflessness; and the impermanence of destiny. Let's walk into this insulin legend together. If the success of insulin is a legend, then the ultimate force for creating this legend should come from an ancient disease-diabetes. 3,500 years ago, ancient Egypt had a simple description of diabetes. More than 2,000 years ago, the Greek doctor Aletheos named this disease, whose main symptom was "excretion of excessive and sweet urine". The disease is named "Diabetes", which means diabetes; In 1675, British medical scientist Thomas Wales gave the disease a new Latin label "Melitus", meaning "honey". In 1776, Matthew Dobson proved through scientific experiments that the sweetness in urine is indeed sugar. The East has also known about diabetes for a long time. Zhang Ji, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty in my country, wrote many descriptions of the symptoms of diabetes in the "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber"; and the "Ancient and Modern Records of the Ancient and Modern Dynasties" in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasty also recorded diabetes. For a long time, people have only been able to identify the disease without any countermeasures. Ancient Indians found that if anyone's urine attracted swarms of ants, they must have the disease. Some people in my country say that whoever a pig follows will have diabetes. There is also the fact that dogs will lick the urine of diabetic patients because it is so sweet... Until the twentieth century, humans were completely helpless about diabetes. Once you develop diabetes, you will be sentenced to death, and the patient can only sit still and wait and have no other choice. But just as human civilization has faced troubles time and time again since ancient times and always faced a turning point, this "sweet" disease may be waiting for someone who can "enlighten" it. Since Shu Guang said that insulin is a legend, the beginning of the legend is always full of drama, and opportunity and exploration intertwined with its prologue like fate. The complex text is too long, so here I only use simplified paragraphs to explain the origin of that paragraph. Banting discovered insulin In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a 22-year-old German medical school student, described in his graduation thesis the different island cell masses (what we call today "islets") in the tissue around the pancreas that could be observed under a microscope, and speculated that these island cell masses might be secreting hormones. But this genius was not taken seriously. The judges thought that his paper was nothing new and believed that the so-called "island cell masses" were actually just lymph nodes... The genius Langelhans was so unlucky that he could only get a degree and leave. Less than twenty years later, he died of uremia at the age of 41. Many years later, in order to commemorate him, people also called the "islets" Langelhans Island. In 1888, Russian scientist Pavlov conducted research on digestive physiology, studied the relationship between food and digestive juice through fistula surgery on dogs, and deeply studied and confirmed the digestive function of pancreatic secretions. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his above contributions. In 1889, inspired by Russian scientist Pavlov, two German scientists, Meilin and Minkowski, began to explore what role the pancreas plays in the digestive process. But while at work, they came across a dog with a pancreas removed and its urine contained sugar-the dog's urine with a pancreas removed attracted a large number of flies-and they realized that the dog "had" diabetes. Through urine testing, they found that the dog's urine did contain high sugar. Discoveries beyond the purpose of this trial open another door that will change the fate of human health. The association between pancreas and diabetes was confirmed. This discovery set scientists around the world scrambling to figure out what exactly the islet secretes. How do you extract this mysterious hormone? Countless people followed one another. In a flash, several decades passed, but there was no progress. In a flash, the legend reached 1917, when a young Canadian named Banting finally picked up the key to the destiny of human health, and a legend of insulin began. This Canadian guy's initial experience seemed to be quite unlucky-when he graduated from the University of Toronto in 1917, he did not actually receive the complete medical training he deserved, because the whole world was affected by the First World War at that time. In the last year, Banting did not take any classes. After taking only five pages of notes throughout the year, he was drafted into the army to become an army medical officer and went to the French front line to participate in the Battle of Cambera. In the battle, Banting was heroically injured. At that time, a doctor advocated amputation for Banting. Banting was very stubborn: "I have to keep this arm! I am a surgeon. Without arms, I have no life!"-- Facts proved that he was right. After the war ended, he couldn't find a decent job after returning to China. He had to open a clinic in a remote town, and his business was poor. In order to make a living, he went to a local medical school to teach part-time. His knowledge about diabetes was now being learned and sold to teach students. On October 30, 1920, Banting read a case report while preparing lessons. After a patient's pancreatic duct was blocked by stones, the digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes shrank, but the islet cells still survived well. This accidental reading created one of the greatest discoveries in human history for Banting. Banting found that the reason why the hormones secreted by insulin islets were difficult to extract was because of the presence of trypsin-this digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas is actually a protein, but can degrade other proteins; Before Banting, many scientists had long believed that trypsin would degrade the mysterious hormone they wanted to extract. Banting's inspiration was simple to say. What he thought was: Wouldn't it be enough to imitate the blockage of stones and surgically ligate the dog's pancreatic duct, and then extract the mysterious hormone after the digestive glands atrophied! There is not enough equipment in a small place, and Banting needs support. So, the young man ran back to his alma mater, the University of Toronto, and found Professor McLeod, the then authority on diabetes. This was a huge blow for Banting. He closed his clinic and quit his part-time job-and faced kind dissuasion from relatives, friends and colleagues. But McLeod was lukewarm. In fact, there is a reason for this. The young man wants to solve something that countless people have failed to solve. This young man in his twenties seems to be just whimsical. But in the end, McLeod agreed to Banting, not because he had special insight, but because what Banting wanted was too easy to satisfy-he only needed ten dogs, one assistant, and eight weeks. McLeod assigned Banting a dark, narrow room and assigned Charles Best, a 21-year-old medical student with a hairless mouth, and of course ten dogs. Two or three years later, this silly boy named Charles Best, who only knew how to be obedient, became one of the luckiest people in history. The progress of the experiment is not bound to go smoothly. Ligating a pancreatic duct on a dog was obviously a piece of cake for Banting, and Best was a hardworking and earnest young man; but the substance they extracted from the atrophied pancreas did not work. They would first turn one dog into a diabetic dog, then use another dog to perform pancreatic duct ligation. After the dog's pancreas atrophied, they would surgically remove it to extract the substance they wanted, and then inject it into the veins of the diabetic dog-and then test the diabetic dog's blood sugar level to determine whether the substance they extracted was really useful. Eight weeks passed quickly, and the dogs died one after another, but the experiment still made no substantial progress. Best had already realized that Banting couldn't continue to pay for himself, so he said,"Anyway, I want to finish with you. When I have money in the future, I'll pay back my salary; if we don't succeed, we'll write it off." However, McLeod ignored Banting and Best's progress and went to Europe to give lectures. The weather was getting hotter and hotter, and the experimental environment was getting worse and worse, but there was a real turning point. Finally, one day, Best said with a little hesitation,"I don't know if my measurement was accurate, but the dog we just injected. The blood sugar dropped to normal levels... "Banting and Best stared at the dog. Within an hour, they watched helplessly as the diabetic dog went from being unable to lift its head to being able to sit up, and then standing up! The mysterious substance that countless doctors and scientists dreamed of was finally unveiled by these two young people. They called it "insulin"-what we call insulin today. It is obviously not enough to succeed an experiment only once. The experiment must be repeated to be a successful experiment. The origin of animals quickly became a problem. Perhaps only by facing real difficulties can we develop wisdom in a hurry. Banting thought of the slaughterhouse and took Best to several slaughterhouses before getting the pancreases of nine cattle. On the way back, the two of them realized that there was no need for pancreatic duct ligation at all-now they are directly getting the pancreas, so that acidified alcohol can be used to destroy the digestive juice and prevent insulin from being degraded. During the following experiment, the two people repeatedly lamented how they came up with such a simple method. In fact, compared with other people, they are really extremely lucky, because although they kept encountering difficulties, they were all solved in just ten weeks; You must know that there are many people who are not stupid or even more diligent than them who have worked hard for more than ten years or decades, but have found nothing... After Banting and Best came back from the slaughterhouse, they treated the cow pancreas with acidified alcohol. The insulin extracted after treatment was really useful. The blood sugar of diabetic dogs dropped sharply after injecting the cow islets. The question now is, can the insulin extracted from this animal be used in humans? Banting decided to inject himself first, but Best thought he should take the risk, citing "you are more skilled, and you should be more protected." Banting certainly disagreed. The two argued endlessly, and finally Banting said to think about it for another day, and the two agreed to make a decision the next day. That night, the two men secretly injected bovine insulin into themselves, completed human experiments, and confirmed that bovine insulin was safe to be used in the human body. This selflessness and fearlessness would eventually bring them good luck. Luck comes one after another. On February 8, 1922, Lister, a classmate of Banting Medical School, developed diabetes and rapidly deteriorated. When his life was in danger, Lister came to Banting's laboratory with a glimmer of hope and asked to try bovine insulin, which is still in the experimental stage, on his body. Best gave him a shot of bovine insulin, and then everyone watched and watched. Time passed bit by bit, but no one could observe any effect. Banting couldn't help but not dare to look into Joe's eyes and ran out of the laboratory. He felt that the insulin he extracted from animals would not work on humans. As Joe watched Banting rush out, he realized that his last hope of survival was actually just a good wish, and he was extremely depressed. In hesitation, Best persuaded Joe to inject another dose, but Joe actually didn't even have the strength to refuse. A miracle happened. Within a few minutes, Joe said he felt better; after a while, Joe said that it had been a long time since he felt that his mind was so clear and his legs were no longer heavy... Best rushed out of the door and told the depressed Banting the good news. Joe had a normal-sized dinner-the first time in years. Joe was overjoyed and thought he had recovered, but the symptoms reappeared the next day. Best gave Joe another shot of insulin in accordance with yesterday's total dose, and Joe recovered again. But the dilemma immediately arose again-in just two injections, Joe had used up all the insulin Banting and Best had. It was not until this time that McLeod began to feel unable to sit still. There is no reason to continue watching. McLeod left all his work, mobilized all his resources, and devoted himself to the post-mortem work of the insulin experiment. The Caotai team became a regular army. Later, in order to solve the problems of mass production and impurities, they worked with Eli Lilly and Co., Ltd. Collaboratively, we successfully isolated enough insulin from animal pancreases obtained from slaughterhouses to provide diabetes worldwide. In less than two years, insulin has been used in hospitals around the world with unprecedented results. In October 1923, the Caroline Institute in Sweden decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine that year to Banting and McLeod. After Banting learned the news, he immediately announced that he would share his prize money equally with Best; later, McLeod also announced that he would share the prize money with Collip, another biochemist who participated in the research. In fact, Banting didn't understand one thing even when he died: in fact, the "inspiration" that made Banting move forward was actually wrong at all. Ligation of a dog's pancreatic duct is unnecessary; Even later treating the cow pancreas with acidified alcohol was unnecessary-because trypsin was inactive until it was secreted out of the pancreas, it was just what we call a "zymogen" today. Maybe this is history, this is legend. Too many paths to the end of miracles are unregulated. Sometimes, an accident and a mistake find the only correct path. But there is no doubt that behind all great achievements are the hard work of the creators, and destiny will always leave luck to the hardest working people. In the end, insulin from the Banting era now seems to be crude. In 1955, more than 20 years after Banting and McLeod won the awards, Shengge of the United Kingdom determined the structure of insulin and completed the purification of insulin. He also won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Later, Banting and McLeod handed over the insulin patent to the University of Toronto for one yuan. Using the greatest spiritual "dedication" of mankind has drawn a perfect end to his achievements. Insulin was marketed as a commercial product in 1923. According to rough statistics, nearly 8000 doctors used the drug on more than 25000 diabetic patients that year. To commemorate Banting's great contribution, the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Alliance designated Professor Banting's birthday, November 14, as "World Diabetes Day." The Banting Foundation was born as a result. Elliott Joslin, a well-known American diabetics, once wrote this: "In 1897, the average survival time of a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with diabetes was 1.3 years, and the survival time of 30-year-old and 50-year-old diabetic patients was 4.1 years and 8 years respectively. By 1945, patients aged 10, 30, and 50 who were diagnosed with diabetes could continue to live for 45, 30.5, and 15.9 years." For more than 80 years, insulin dosage forms have been continuously promoted and emerged, and have been developed into various dosage forms such as quick-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting and premixed insulin. From different concentrations to different sources such as bovine, porcine, and recombinant human insulin; from different purity such as crystalline insulin, purified insulin, and synthetic insulin to subcutaneous injection, insulin pens, insulin pumps, and oral, nasal, ocular, rectal, and percutaneous non-invasive routes. Humanity has never stopped exploring insulin. And I believe that through the efforts of generations, we will eventually completely cure diabetes, get rid of dependence on drugs, and continue to write a new legend of mankind's victory over disease.102 years ago today, on April 15, 1923 (February 30, 1923, the lunar calendar), Canadian doctor Banting discovered insulin for the benefit of diabetic patients. Banting discovered insulin Banting was born on November 14, 1891. On August 5, 1921, insulin was discovered with Best, and later, he worked with McLeod to obtain hormones with stable effects on treating diabetes. On April 15, 1923, Banting and McLeod jointly discovered insulin and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He distributed part of the prize money to Best. He was killed in a plane crash during World War II on February 21, 1941. Banting discovered that the legendary epic story of insulin has a story as exciting as any Hollywood inspirational blockbuster. Whether it is the historical figures or their life trajectories, it can be said that it should be a good script for the Academy Awards without any exaggeration. This history of insulin not only tells the story of the never-ending intellectual exploration and social progress of human civilization, but also explains the persistence and success of life; loyalty and selflessness; and the impermanence of destiny. Let's walk into this insulin legend together. If the success of insulin is a legend, then the ultimate force for creating this legend should come from an ancient disease-diabetes. 3,500 years ago, ancient Egypt had a simple description of diabetes. More than 2,000 years ago, the Greek doctor Aletheos named this disease, whose main symptom was "excretion of excessive and sweet urine". The disease is named "Diabetes", which means diabetes; In 1675, British medical scientist Thomas Wales gave the disease a new Latin label "Melitus", meaning "honey". In 1776, Matthew Dobson proved through scientific experiments that the sweetness in urine is indeed sugar. The East has also known about diabetes for a long time. Zhang Ji, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty in my country, wrote many descriptions of the symptoms of diabetes in the "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber"; and the "Ancient and Modern Records of the Ancient and Modern Dynasties" in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasty also recorded diabetes. For a long time, people have only been able to identify the disease without any countermeasures. Ancient Indians found that if anyone's urine attracted swarms of ants, they must have the disease. Some people in my country say that whoever a pig follows will have diabetes. There is also the fact that dogs will lick the urine of diabetic patients because it is so sweet... Until the twentieth century, humans were completely helpless about diabetes. Once you develop diabetes, you will be sentenced to death, and the patient can only sit still and wait and have no other choice. But just as human civilization has faced troubles time and time again since ancient times and always faced a turning point, this "sweet" disease may be waiting for someone who can "enlighten" it. Since Shu Guang said that insulin is a legend, the beginning of the legend is always full of drama, and opportunity and exploration intertwined with its prologue like fate. The complex text is too long, so here I only use simplified paragraphs to explain the origin of that paragraph. Banting discovered insulin In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a 22-year-old German medical school student, described in his graduation thesis the different island cell masses (what we call today "islets") in the tissue around the pancreas that could be observed under a microscope, and speculated that these island cell masses might be secreting hormones. But this genius was not taken seriously. The judges thought that his paper was nothing new and believed that the so-called "island cell masses" were actually just lymph nodes... The genius Langelhans was so unlucky that he could only get a degree and leave. Less than twenty years later, he died of uremia at the age of 41. Many years later, in order to commemorate him, people also called the "islets" Langelhans Island. In 1888, Russian scientist Pavlov conducted research on digestive physiology, studied the relationship between food and digestive juice through fistula surgery on dogs, and deeply studied and confirmed the digestive function of pancreatic secretions. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his above contributions. In 1889, inspired by Russian scientist Pavlov, two German scientists, Meilin and Minkowski, began to explore what role the pancreas plays in the digestive process. But while at work, they came across a dog with a pancreas removed and its urine contained sugar-the dog's urine with a pancreas removed attracted a large number of flies-and they realized that the dog "had" diabetes. Through urine testing, they found that the dog's urine did contain high sugar. Discoveries beyond the purpose of this trial open another door that will change the fate of human health. The association between pancreas and diabetes was confirmed. This discovery set scientists around the world scrambling to figure out what exactly the islet secretes. How do you extract this mysterious hormone? Countless people followed one another. In a flash, several decades passed, but there was no progress. In a flash, the legend reached 1917, when a young Canadian named Banting finally picked up the key to the destiny of human health, and a legend of insulin began. This Canadian guy's initial experience seemed to be quite unlucky-when he graduated from the University of Toronto in 1917, he did not actually receive the complete medical training he deserved, because the whole world was affected by the First World War at that time. In the last year, Banting did not take any classes. After taking only five pages of notes throughout the year, he was drafted into the army to become an army medical officer and went to the French front line to participate in the Battle of Cambera. In the battle, Banting was heroically injured. At that time, a doctor advocated amputation for Banting. Banting was very stubborn: "I have to keep this arm! I am a surgeon. Without arms, I have no life!"-- Facts proved that he was right. After the war ended, he couldn't find a decent job after returning to China. He had to open a clinic in a remote town, and his business was poor. In order to make a living, he went to a local medical school to teach part-time. His knowledge about diabetes was now being learned and sold to teach students. On October 30, 1920, Banting read a case report while preparing lessons. After a patient's pancreatic duct was blocked by stones, the digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes shrank, but the islet cells still survived well. This accidental reading created one of the greatest discoveries in human history for Banting. Banting found that the reason why the hormones secreted by insulin islets were difficult to extract was because of the presence of trypsin-this digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas is actually a protein, but can degrade other proteins; Before Banting, many scientists had long believed that trypsin would degrade the mysterious hormone they wanted to extract. Banting's inspiration was simple to say. What he thought was: Wouldn't it be enough to imitate the blockage of stones and surgically ligate the dog's pancreatic duct, and then extract the mysterious hormone after the digestive glands atrophied! There is not enough equipment in a small place, and Banting needs support. So, the young man ran back to his alma mater, the University of Toronto, and found Professor McLeod, the then authority on diabetes. This was a huge blow for Banting. He closed his clinic and quit his part-time job-and faced kind dissuasion from relatives, friends and colleagues. But McLeod was lukewarm. In fact, there is a reason for this. The young man wants to solve something that countless people have failed to solve. This young man in his twenties seems to be just whimsical. But in the end, McLeod agreed to Banting, not because he had special insight, but because what Banting wanted was too easy to satisfy-he only needed ten dogs, one assistant, and eight weeks. McLeod assigned Banting a dark, narrow room and assigned Charles Best, a 21-year-old medical student with a hairless mouth, and of course ten dogs. Two or three years later, this silly boy named Charles Best, who only knew how to be obedient, became one of the luckiest people in history. The progress of the experiment is not bound to go smoothly. Ligating a pancreatic duct on a dog was obviously a piece of cake for Banting, and Best was a hardworking and earnest young man; but the substance they extracted from the atrophied pancreas did not work. They would first turn one dog into a diabetic dog, then use another dog to perform pancreatic duct ligation. After the dog's pancreas atrophied, they would surgically remove it to extract the substance they wanted, and then inject it into the veins of the diabetic dog-and then test the diabetic dog's blood sugar level to determine whether the substance they extracted was really useful. Eight weeks passed quickly, and the dogs died one after another, but the experiment still made no substantial progress. Best had already realized that Banting couldn't continue to pay for himself, so he said,"Anyway, I want to finish with you. When I have money in the future, I'll pay back my salary; if we don't succeed, we'll write it off." However, McLeod ignored Banting and Best's progress and went to Europe to give lectures. The weather was getting hotter and hotter, and the experimental environment was getting worse and worse, but there was a real turning point. Finally, one day, Best said with a little hesitation,"I don't know if my measurement was accurate, but the dog we just injected. The blood sugar dropped to normal levels... "Banting and Best stared at the dog. Within an hour, they watched helplessly as the diabetic dog went from being unable to lift its head to being able to sit up, and then standing up! The mysterious substance that countless doctors and scientists dreamed of was finally unveiled by these two young people. They called it "insulin"-what we call insulin today. It is obviously not enough to succeed an experiment only once. The experiment must be repeated to be a successful experiment. The origin of animals quickly became a problem. Perhaps only by facing real difficulties can we develop wisdom in a hurry. Banting thought of the slaughterhouse and took Best to several slaughterhouses before getting the pancreases of nine cattle. On the way back, the two of them realized that there was no need for pancreatic duct ligation at all-now they are directly getting the pancreas, so that acidified alcohol can be used to destroy the digestive juice and prevent insulin from being degraded. During the following experiment, the two people repeatedly lamented how they came up with such a simple method. In fact, compared with other people, they are really extremely lucky, because although they kept encountering difficulties, they were all solved in just ten weeks; You must know that there are many people who are not stupid or even more diligent than them who have worked hard for more than ten years or decades, but have found nothing... After Banting and Best came back from the slaughterhouse, they treated the cow pancreas with acidified alcohol. The insulin extracted after treatment was really useful. The blood sugar of diabetic dogs dropped sharply after injecting the cow islets. The question now is, can the insulin extracted from this animal be used in humans? Banting decided to inject himself first, but Best thought he should take the risk, citing "you are more skilled, and you should be more protected." Banting certainly disagreed. The two argued endlessly, and finally Banting said to think about it for another day, and the two agreed to make a decision the next day. That night, the two men secretly injected bovine insulin into themselves, completed human experiments, and confirmed that bovine insulin was safe to be used in the human body. This selflessness and fearlessness would eventually bring them good luck. Luck comes one after another. On February 8, 1922, Lister, a classmate of Banting Medical School, developed diabetes and rapidly deteriorated. When his life was in danger, Lister came to Banting's laboratory with a glimmer of hope and asked to try bovine insulin, which is still in the experimental stage, on his body. Best gave him a shot of bovine insulin, and then everyone watched and watched. Time passed bit by bit, but no one could observe any effect. Banting couldn't help but not dare to look into Joe's eyes and ran out of the laboratory. He felt that the insulin he extracted from animals would not work on humans. As Joe watched Banting rush out, he realized that his last hope of survival was actually just a good wish, and he was extremely depressed. In hesitation, Best persuaded Joe to inject another dose, but Joe actually didn't even have the strength to refuse. A miracle happened. Within a few minutes, Joe said he felt better; after a while, Joe said that it had been a long time since he felt that his mind was so clear and his legs were no longer heavy... Best rushed out of the door and told the depressed Banting the good news. Joe had a normal-sized dinner-the first time in years. Joe was overjoyed and thought he had recovered, but the symptoms reappeared the next day. Best gave Joe another shot of insulin in accordance with yesterday's total dose, and Joe recovered again. But the dilemma immediately arose again-in just two injections, Joe had used up all the insulin Banting and Best had. It was not until this time that McLeod began to feel unable to sit still. There is no reason to continue watching. McLeod left all his work, mobilized all his resources, and devoted himself to the post-mortem work of the insulin experiment. The Caotai team became a regular army. Later, in order to solve the problems of mass production and impurities, they worked with Eli Lilly and Co., Ltd. Collaboratively, we successfully isolated enough insulin from animal pancreases obtained from slaughterhouses to provide diabetes worldwide. In less than two years, insulin has been used in hospitals around the world with unprecedented results. In October 1923, the Caroline Institute in Sweden decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine that year to Banting and McLeod. After Banting learned the news, he immediately announced that he would share his prize money equally with Best; later, McLeod also announced that he would share the prize money with Collip, another biochemist who participated in the research. In fact, Banting didn't understand one thing even when he died: in fact, the "inspiration" that made Banting move forward was actually wrong at all. Ligation of a dog's pancreatic duct is unnecessary; Even later treating the cow pancreas with acidified alcohol was unnecessary-because trypsin was inactive until it was secreted out of the pancreas, it was just what we call a "zymogen" today. Maybe this is history, this is legend. Too many paths to the end of miracles are unregulated. Sometimes, an accident and a mistake find the only correct path. But there is no doubt that behind all great achievements are the hard work of the creators, and destiny will always leave luck to the hardest working people. In the end, insulin from the Banting era now seems to be crude. In 1955, more than 20 years after Banting and McLeod won the awards, Shengge of the United Kingdom determined the structure of insulin and completed the purification of insulin. He also won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Later, Banting and McLeod handed over the insulin patent to the University of Toronto for one yuan. Using the greatest spiritual "dedication" of mankind has drawn a perfect end to his achievements. Insulin was marketed as a commercial product in 1923. According to rough statistics, nearly 8000 doctors used the drug on more than 25000 diabetic patients that year. To commemorate Banting's great contribution, the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Alliance designated Professor Banting's birthday, November 14, as "World Diabetes Day." The Banting Foundation was born as a result. Elliott Joslin, a well-known American diabetics, once wrote this: "In 1897, the average survival time of a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with diabetes was 1.3 years, and the survival time of 30-year-old and 50-year-old diabetic patients was 4.1 years and 8 years respectively. By 1945, patients aged 10, 30, and 50 who were diagnosed with diabetes could continue to live for 45, 30.5, and 15.9 years." For more than 80 years, insulin dosage forms have been continuously promoted and emerged, and have been developed into various dosage forms such as quick-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting and premixed insulin. From different concentrations to different sources such as bovine, porcine, and recombinant human insulin; from different purity such as crystalline insulin, purified insulin, and synthetic insulin to subcutaneous injection, insulin pens, insulin pumps, and oral, nasal, ocular, rectal, and percutaneous non-invasive routes. Humanity has never stopped exploring insulin. And I believe that through the efforts of generations, we will eventually completely cure diabetes, get rid of dependence on drugs, and continue to write a new legend of mankind's victory over disease.