On this day 143 years ago, on May 6, 1882 (March 19, 1882), the United States passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1882, the United States Congress accepted the Chinese Exclusion Act submitted by Republican Senator John F. Miller, which was hotly debated in the United States Congress. The main basis for advocating Chinese exclusion is that the Chinese have many vices and prejudices, it is impossible to Americanize their lives, let alone accept the ethical and moral standards of the United States based on Christianity; and the large influx of Chinese workers has created tensions with American workers to compete for jobs. The reason for opposing Chinese exclusion is that it violates the free immigration policy in the Burnham Treaty between China and the United States, and violates the founding principles of the American Republic of "freedom and equality". Ultimately, Chinese exclusion gained the support of a majority of votes in Congress. On May 6, 1882, the United States Congress passed the first law in American history to restrict immigration, the "Act for the Enforcement of the Provisions of Treaties Relating to the Chinese," commonly known as the American Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It was about 100 years ago that the Chinese first came to the United States. According to historical records, most of the minority Chinese who went to the United States in the 1830s performed in theaters or circuses. At that time, the Chinese were regarded by Americans as "a rare breed among animals." In 1865, the number of Chinese immigrants soared to 50,000, 90% of whom were young men. In the same year, the Central Pacific Railroad recruited the first 50 Chinese laborers. Seeing that the Chinese were able to endure hardship, low wage requirements, and very obedient, the company began to recruit a large number of Chinese. A total of 100,000 Chinese workers participated in the construction of the Western Railway in the United States, making a huge contribution to the development of the United States. After the completion of the railway, a large number of Chinese flocked to the city. By 1870, the number of Chinese laborers in San Francisco had accounted for half of the total number of employees in the four major industrial industries in the city. Many Americans believed that the Chinese had taken their jobs. In the 1870s, there was a large-scale wave of anti-Chinese in the Western United States, and white racists attacked Chinese neighborhoods several times. In 1882, the US Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which stipulated that Chinese people would not be allowed to enter the country for 10 years, and Chinese people would not be allowed to naturalize as American citizens. This is the only law in the history of the United States that "lawfully" excludes and persecutes ethnic minorities in the form of law and in the name of the government. It was only repealed by the US Congress in 1943. Due to the outstanding performance of the Chinese in the second world war, the view of Chinese Americans in American public opinion began to change. In 1945, newly passed laws allowed soldiers who participated in the second world war to return to China to marry and bring their spouses to the United States. In the 1940s, the total number of Chinese Americans increased from more than 77,000 to 117,000. However, the status of the Chinese as "second-class citizens" who were discriminated against did not change, especially during the McCarthyism of the 1950s, when many Chinese Americans were charged with trumped-up crimes and persecuted. It became permanent until 1902. By December 17, 1943, all Chinese Exclusion Acts were repealed. Although the act was repealed long ago, it has long been part of the United States Code. Even today, although all of its parts have been repealed for a long time, Chapter 7 of Title 8 is titled "Exclusion of Chinese". It is the only chapter of the 15 chapters of Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) that is entirely specific to a particular nationality or ethnic group, so don't think of America as a racially inclusive society. Basically, America is a white society, and there is deep discrimination against Chinese people to this day. The passage of this California apology is not a "gift", but the result of Chinese unity, hard work and hard work. Generations of Chinese Americans have made indelible and outstanding contributions to the development of the United States through hard work, changing their status in American society. Over the past 100 years, with the unremitting promotion of people of insight and ethnic minorities in the United States, the relevant judicial system has also been continuously improved and perfected, which has also laid the foundation for the passage of the apology case. The road to racial equality in the United States is full of thorns and bumps. Until today, racial equality is still a sensitive and sharp topic everywhere in American politics, culture and social life. In recent years, many states and federal governments in the United States have apologized for past discrimination against other races. This bill in California is the first apology from a state government to Chinese immigrants in the United States. The efforts of Chinese Americans to promote the passage of this bill are precisely to help future generations understand this history and to help promote the reflection of this history in American society.