On this day 170 years ago, on March 2, 1855 (January 14, 1855 lunar calendar), Alexander II became Tsar of Russia. Alexander II (Russia) Alexander II Nikolayevich £¨§¡§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§â II §¯§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§Ö§Ó§Ú§é£¬ April 17, 1818 - March 13, 1881, reigned March 2, 1855 - 1881), the eldest son of Nicholas I, Emperor of the Russian Empire. In 1814, when Alexander I led a majestic army on the land of France, the glory of Tsar Russia as the main force in the defeat of Napoleon also reached its peak. For the next 40 years, Russia, as the backbone of the "Holy Alliance", played the role of "European gendarmerie", including sending troops to suppress the Hungarian Revolution that had nothing to do with itself. But the Crimean War of 1853-1856 brought Russia from the top of its glory to the bottom of its humiliation. Originally, he wanted to bite another piece of fat from Turkey, which had been defeated by his subordinates for many years, but he did not expect to encounter the rampant intervention of Britain and France. In this war, the backwardness and corruption of Czar Russia were exposed. From guns to ships to roads, it was far worse than Britain and France. Tsar Nicholas I suffered a mental breakdown and committed suicide by poisoning in the face of repeated defeats. The task of reviving the old empire fell to his son, Alexander II. Alexander II was trained as an heir to the throne from an early age. Under the influence of his teacher, Zhukovsky, who advocated a looser monarchy, he was also able to accept some democratic ideas. In his youth, he traveled around Europe, broadening his horizons and reflecting on Russian reality. Alexander II's reforms focused on the military, social, judicial and administrative systems. In the military, Russia began to implement universal compulsory military service and banned corporal punishment in the military. In the social sphere, investment in education and health care was increased. Since 1863, Russia's universities have been autonomous, and the academic atmosphere has gradually shifted to liberalization. From 1864, secondary education institutions began to accept students from the whole society, changing the previous practice of admitting only children of the nobility. During this period, the first girls' secondary schools were opened in Russia, and girls were given the right to higher education and professional medical education. Russian women had a higher social status than European women under Alexander II. On January 1, 1864, Alexander II issued an edict announcing the establishment of the "Council of the Gentry" at the local level. The Council of the Gentry was not just a deliberative body involving the participation of various local social hierarchies, but was also given some administrative functions: the local communication, transportation, medical, health, education and charity institutions were all in charge of the Council of the Gentry. In November of that year, Russia began to reform the judiciary, and the jury system was introduced throughout Russia. All cases were tried in court, and the defendant was granted the right to hire a lawyer. The edict also stipulated the inviolability of judges and abolished all privileges of the nobility in the process of legal proceedings. The field of education has developed by leaps and bounds. During the reign of Alexander II, the Russian Art Museum, the famous Tretychyakov Gallery, was officially opened to the public (1856), the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg was completed and opened (1860), the Moscow Zoo was opened to the public (1864), the Moscow Conservatory was completed (1866), the Russian Telegraph Agency was established (1866), the Moscow History Museum was completed and opened (1875), Russia's first power station was completed and put into operation (1879), and St. Petersburg began the electrification era. In addition, during this period, a large number of social organizations in the fields of art, medicine and education appeared in Russia, and the first social charities appeared. Under the auspices of Alexander II, between 1863 and 1866, the "Large Dictionary of Detailed Russian" compiled by the famous Russian scholar Dalí was published. In 1858, Russia began to issue the first set of postage stamps. Alexander II ended the long-lasting Caucasus War and completely incorporated the Caucasus into Russian territory in 1864. Between 1858 and 1860, Russia acquired all the land north of the Heilongjiang River and later east of the Ussuri River from China by signing treaties without any cost. Since the second half of the 19th century, Russia has actively developed Siberia and the Far East. From 1864 to 1865, Turkmenistan and other Central Asian khanates were incorporated into Russian territory. In order to better develop Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East, Russia decided to sell Alaska to the United States (another document says that the lease is for 99 years). In 1867, Russia and the United States signed a treaty to sell Alaska for $7.20 million. In 1875, Russia and Japan signed a treaty in St. Petersburg, and Japan recognized South Sakhalin as Russian territory. On March 1, 1871, at the London Peace Conference, Russia finally overturned the treaty signed in 1856 after its defeat in the Russo-Turkish War, and cancelled the unfavorable provisions of Russia's ban on having a naval fleet in the Black Sea. On April 12, 1877, the Russo-Turkish War broke out again. This time Russia achieved a brilliant victory. On March 3 of the following year, Russia and Turkey signed the Treaty of St. Sturst. There are 4 "Alexander II" in history: 1. Alexander II Nikolayevich (Russian £©£¬§¡§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§â II §¯§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§Ö§Ó§Ú§é£¬ April 17, 1818 - March 13, 1881, March 2, 1855 - Reigned 1881. 2. Alexander II (Scotland), Alexander II (1198 - 1249) King of Scotland (1214 - Alexander II (Scotland) 249). 3. Alexander II (Pope of Rome), AnselmoAnselmoBaggio, (? - April 21, 1073), served as Pope (Pope) from September 30, 1061 - April 21, 1073. 4. Alexander II (Macedon £©£¬¦¡¦Ë?¦Î¦Á¦Í¦Ä¦Ñ¦Ï?¦¢? £¬ King of Macedon (370 BC 368 BC).