On this day, 160 years ago, on April 3, 1865 (March 8, 1865), the American Civil War: Northern Union troops occupied Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. After the American Revolution in the 18th century, a federal system was established, and the bourgeoisie and plantation slaveholders jointly ruled. In 1860, Lincoln, who was famous for calling for the maintenance of federal unity and opposing the expansion of slavery, was elected the 16th President of the United States. Feeling that power was being sidelined, southern slaveholders began to create divisions and deliberately launched a rebellion. In early 1861, the "Confederate States" were formed in the South. On April 12, southern rebels shelled the Union army's garrison at Fort Sumter, openly provoking a civil war. On April 15, Lincoln was forced to declare the South a rebellious state and conscripted 75,000 volunteers to fight for the restoration of Union unity. In July 1861, at the first battle in Manassas, 40 kilometers from Washington, the Union army was defeated by a small Confederate army, and Washington was almost lost. After that, the masses held demonstrations to demand the liberation of slaves, the distribution of peasant land, and the rescue of the dangerous situation. To change this situation, Lincoln's government took two major reforms in time. On May 20, 1862, the government promulgated the Homestead Act, and on September 22, the Emancipation Proclamation. After this, the situation of the war changed fundamentally, and the Union Army gradually took the initiative in each battlefield. In the summer of 1863, the Union army turned to a counteroffensive. After the decisive victory at Gettysburg on July 1-3, the Union army captured Vicksburg on the lower Mississippi River on July 4, destroying the Allied offensive force and completely reversing the situation. Then, the Union army adopted a new strategy to aggressively attack, and by the end of 1864, the South was almost paralyzed. In November 1864, Lincoln was re-elected president with an absolute majority, and the defeat of the South was certain. On April 3, 1865, the Union army captured Richmond. On April 9, General Robert Lee, the commander-in-chief of the Confederate army, led 28,000 men to surrender to the Union Army. The American Civil War ended with the victory of the North and the United States was restored.