212 years ago today, on May 8, 1813 (April 8, 1813 lunar calendar), the French physiologist Bernard was born. French physiologist. Born on July 12, 1813 (206 years ago) in Villefranche, France, died in Paris on February 10, 1878. In 1834, he studied medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of the Académie de France in Paris. In 1839, he worked as a trainee in the laboratory of F. Magendi, professor of physiology. Graduated from medical school in 1843. At the end of 1847, he became Magendi's official assistant. After Magendi retired in 1852, he succeeded Magendi as professor of physiology and director of the physiology laboratory of the Académie de France. In March 1853, he received a doctorate in zoology from the University of Paris. In 1854, he was elected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences. From 1854 to 1868, he was professor of physiology at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris, and in 1868 he was transferred to professor of physiology at the Museum of Natural History. In 1869, he became president of the French Academy of Sciences. He used vivisection as the main means of physiology research in his long-term cooperation with Magendi. He surpassed his teacher in the creation of experimental techniques, the discovery of scientific facts and the establishment of new concepts, and became one of the founders of modern physiology. He discovered: the liver has the function of generating glycogen, the vasomotor is controlled by nerves, the pancreatic juice can digest fat, the nature and function of American curare, and the toxicity of carbon monoxide. He rejected the accepted understanding at the time that sugar in animal blood comes directly from food and that animals cannot synthesize polysaccharides, and used a large number of experimental facts to show that sugar in blood does not come directly from food but from the liver, which can store glucose into glycogen, which can be broken down into glucose and sent back to the blood for the body's needs. He made an important addition to A.L. Lavoisier's view that "respiration is a slow combustion (ie, oxidation) ". He believed that the oxidation process in the living body is not a direct combustion of oxygen and carbon, but an indirect oxidation through the action of enzymes. The site of oxidation is not only the lungs, but all the tissues of the body. He disagreed with the "vitality theory" that was popular at the time, and firmly believed that the vitality was chemical force. Bernard began to explore in 1851 and formally proposed the important concept of biological "internal environment" in 1857. He believed that an organism lives in the external environment to which it is accustomed, while various tissues in an organism live in the "internal environment" of the organism. The stability of the internal environment is a prerequisite for the existence of life; the internal environment must always be in balance with the external environment, otherwise the phenomenon of life will be disordered. His ideas in this regard still have an important influence today. His book "Introduction to Experimental Medicine" published in 1865 is considered a milestone in the history of physiological development. When he died, a state funeral was held in France.