Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861) was the only independent feudal kingdom in Italy in the mid-19th century, located in northwestern Italy. On its basis, Italy was later unified.

In 1720, under the Treaty of London of 1718, the Savoy Dynasty was forced to cede Sicily in the southern part of the Italian peninsula to Austria in exchange for Sardinia. On this basis, they established the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont in 1743, governing Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia in northwest Italy, with its capital in Turin. In 1796, Napoleon occupied Piedmont in northern Italy, and King Carlo Emmanuel IV fled to Sardinia to take refuge.

In 1815, the Kingdom of Sardinia was restored and Genoa was incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Constitution was promulgated in 1848. On March 5, 1860, Parma, Tuscany, Modena and Emilia-Romagna voted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was later transferred to southern Italy. It was renamed the Kingdom of Italy on March 17, 1861.