226 years ago today, on February 7, 1799 (January 3, 1799 lunar calendar), Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty of China passed away. Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty (Emperor Gaozong of Qing, Aisin Gioro Hongli, September 25, 1711~ February 7, 1799), Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China (1735-1795). Those who died in the previous generation were called strong vassals, foreign invaders, powerful ministers, foreign prestige, female advocates, monasteries, traitors, and luck, but none of them seemed to be the same. Qianlong self-commented that my dynasty was rich in products, omnipotent, and did not need foreign goods.... I understand the difficulties of Western countries, so I allow the establishment of foreign banks in Macau to meet the needs of the barbarians. The rule of law in the Celestial Dynasty was strict, and every piece of land was opened on the territory, and no division was allowed. The British request for the grant of land was not feasible. The king of your country should be kind to my wishes, encouraged and sincere, and respectful forever, in order to preserve your state and share the blessings of peace. Qianlongda Foreign Trade Ambassador (Author: A Che) Emperor Qianlong, named Aisin Gioro Hongli, the temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, was the fourth emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. His 60-year stable rule maintained the last prosperous era of China's feudal dynasty. His era was an era of integration after a long period of precipitation in China's feudal politics, economy, and culture. He personally became the general representative of all this. Qianlong was the fourth son of Emperor Yongzheng and the most talented of Yongzheng's sons. Since he was a child, he was even loved by his grandfather Kangxi. When Yongzheng ascended the throne, he was established as the heir in the form of "secret crown prince". In 1735, Yongzheng collapsed violently, and Qianlong succeeded the throne smoothly. Since childhood, he was favored and ascended the highest throne with little setback, which may be one of the reasons for Qianlong's later "great success". During Yongzheng's reign, a series of reforms were carried out to strengthen his rule, and he vigorously anti-corruption and purged the imperial platform, which laid a good foundation for Qianlong's rule, but his rule also left a bad reputation for "harsh". After Qianlong ascended the throne, he first wanted to establish an image of lenient politics and rehabilitate some important officials who were persecuted during the Yongzheng period. But in fact, throughout his 60-year rule, "leniency" was only a superficial article, and rigor was its real core. Qianlong did not make many achievements in internal affairs. His greatest achievement was to continue to implement the policies of "spreading the land into the mu" and "changing the land and returning to the flow" during the Yongzheng period, and to maintain the stability of the ruling high-level with personal prestige, so that the social economy can achieve prosperity through stable development. What Qianlong himself is most proud of is his "Ten Perfect Martial Arts", which he calls the "Ten Perfect Old Man". The so-called "Ten Perfect Martial Arts" include twice pacifying the Junggar Ministry in the northwest, once pacifying the Xinjiang Huibu, twice conquering Jinchuan in the southwest, once suppressing the Lin Shunwen uprising in Taiwan, once going to Burma, once going to Vietnam, and twice going to Gurkha in Nepal. In fact, only the military operations in the northwest had a greater impact on history. Although the leader of the Mongol Junggar Department, Kaldan, was defeated by Kangxi, his nephew, Tsebu Arabutan, still had a lot of power in the northwest, controlling Xinjiang, Xizang, Qinghai and other places, and inciting the ethnic minorities in these areas to become enemies of the Qing court. After the death of Tsebu Arabutan, his son Kaldan Tseil Ling continued to lead his people. During the Qianlong era, when there was a great opportunity for civil strife in the Junggar Department, he decisively sent troops to capture Ili in 1755. But Kaldan Tseil Zero's nephew, Amursana, surrendered and rebelled. The Qing court sent troops for the second time in 1757, and finally completely eliminated the rebellion in the Junggar Department. This war has lasted for nearly 70 years since the time of Kaldan. After the pacification of the Junggars, the leaders of the Uyghur ethnic group, Da, Xiao and Zhuomu, returned to Xinjiang and instigated the Uyghur ethnic groups to oppose the Qing Dynasty. Qianlong was forced to use troops in the northwest for the third time. The war lasted for three years, and finally forced Da, Xiao and Zhuomu to flee abroad. Then, Qianlong appointed Yili generals, and appointed counselors and ministers in Kashgar and other places, and at the same time greatly reduced the tax burden in Uyghur areas. More than 1.9 million land with centrifugal tendencies in the northwest was finally consolidated under the central government, which is a major contribution of Qianlong to Chinese history. In addition, the battle of Jinchuan in the southwest was also very difficult. The two rebellions lasted for nearly 30 years in total, running through the middle of Qianlong's reign. Qianlong killed the commander twice and cost 70 million silver to overwhelm the Tibetans here. Aside from the "Ten Perfect Martial Arts", the highlight of the Qianlong period is the cultural work. Qianlong himself was an ardent lover and patron of literature and art. He is said to have written more than 40,000 poems, and he often wrote poems on the places of interest he visited. He is also a bibliophile. In order to whitewash Taiping and show his cultural accomplishment, or perhaps out of sincere enthusiasm, he organized many large-scale cultural projects during his reign, including the compilation of "Siku Quanshu", "The Diary of the Qing Dynasty", "Zhouyi Shuyi", "Sanli Yishu", "Dynasty Tongzhi", "Eight Banners Tongzhi" and other books, and the school magazine re-engraved "Thirteen Classics", "Twenty-two History", "Three Links" and other books, the most eye-catching of which is the compilation of "Siku Quanshu", a total of 3457 ancient books, a total of 79070 volumes, bound into 36,275 volumes, preserved many precious ancient books, as a masterpiece of ancient Chinese culture. In addition, Qianlong's era also gave birth to a pinnacle of Chinese classical novels, "Dream of Red Mansions," which, although not related to Qianlong himself, also added luster to the era. However, the cultural achievements of Qianlong's era (including the entire early Qing Dynasty) were characterized by the lack of creative achievements, and more were achievements such as studying, compiling, and summarizing. This is related to the characteristics of this era. The "literary prison" of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak in the Qianlong era, and the number of associations was far greater than that of the previous generation, with a total of more than 130. Compared with his predecessors Kangxi and Yongzheng, Qianlong was more enthusiastic about this, and obviously used the "literary prison" to strengthen his monopoly position in the ideological and cultural circles. During the compilation of "Siku Quanshu", more than 100,000 books were banned for various reasons, which is also a cultural koan that has to be mentioned. Qianlong was a very lucky and happy emperor. In his later years, he was deeply intoxicated by the comparison with the emperors of previous dynasties. He believed that not only "the integrity of the country, the breadth of the land, the popularity of obedience, and the peace of the people" could rarely be compared, but even he was one of the best in terms of time in power, longevity, and the number of descendants. Qianlong's narcissistic intoxication is not advisable, but the facts he cited have some truth. He himself is indeed naturally wise and versatile, and he has enjoyed countless luxurious celebrations and cruises (including "Liuxia Jiangnan", which gave birth to countless romantic legends) in his lifetime. His reign was the peak of Chinese feudal culture, and the degree of monarchy reached its peak in both ideology and system. After the mid-Qianlong era, the wind of luxury worked up and down, and gradually spread to the entire ruling class. Accompanied by luxury is corruption. Favorites and gentry who maintained a special relationship with Qianlong in the second half of his life were the general representatives of corruption. His property when he was raided after Qianlong's death was equivalent to 18 years of national tax income. When Qianlong was intoxicated by himself, it was also the time when China slept the most soundly in the dream of the "celestial kingdom". The strong ships and cannons of the European powers have been haunting China's periphery and are trying to open the door of China. China, on the other hand, is constrained by the seemingly "ultra-stable" social structure and ideological system. The Qing Dynasty of Qianlong's era began to become synonymous with decay and backwardness. Although the Qing Dynasty and Qianlong's prosperous era have become the back of history, Qianlong is still "barely" included in this list, ranking 100th due to his role in maintaining China's territorial integrity and his cultural achievements (both positive and negative). No matter from which point of view, Emperor Qianlong was an inherently strong emperor. His ancestors left him not only the vast territory and the accumulation of world governance, but also the ideological foundation of the emperor's private property in the world. Qianlong's success lies in the fact that he made the most of his powerful position, combined with excellent personal ability, and exerted great influence in all aspects. Only under the management of a completely strong emperor will there be the peak of the "great unification" of China's system and ideology and culture in the past 2,000 years. Qianlong Mausoleum In the Qingdong Mausoleum, Qianlong's mausoleum is called Yuling, and the building is obviously more magnificent than Cixi Mausoleum, showing the atmosphere of the emperor. Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum West Wall Qianlong Mausoleum West Annex Hall Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum Qianlong Mausoleum was photographed from the tomb to the outside Due to the dim light, the underground palace only took this photo..... Coming out of the Qianlong Mausoleum, I was surprised to see a "giant dragon" dancing in the sky.....