On this day 463 years ago, on April 24th, 1562 (March 21th, 1562 in the lunar calendar), Xu Guangqi, a famous scientist and politician in the Ming Dynasty, was born. Before Xu Guangqi, a day was not 24 hours, but 12 hours. Editor's note: Xujiahui, one of the most important place names on the map of Shanghai today, is associated with the name of Xu Guangqi, the most important sage in this city and a patriotic scientist in the late Ming Dynasty. More than 400 years ago, when Shanghai was far from being a metropolis, Xujiahui, famous for Xu Guangqi, opened the curtain of modern civilization in Shanghai. In the late Ming Dynasty, when the politics was turbid, Xu Guangqi was outstanding, learning new western knowledge and ideas, and raising China's level in agronomy, astronomy, mathematics, military thought and other fields to a new height. Remembering the memory of ancestors and caring for the present, Xu Guangqi's forward vision, open attitude, spirit of change and scientific concept of applying what he has learned are still of practical value to today's Shanghainese and even the whole Chinese society. April 24th this year is the 450th anniversary of Xu Guangqi's birth. On the same day, Li Tiangang, a professor at the Institute of Religion, Department of Philosophy, Fudan University, a disciple of Mr. Zhu Weizheng, and who has written extensively on the history of cultural exchanges between China and the West, held a Xu Guangqi memorial lecture "Xu Guangqi and Modern Chinese Culture", carefully sorted out Xu Guangqi's achievements, and called Xu Guangqi "the most outstanding Shanghainese in more than 400 years". In addition, Song Haojie, one of the promoters of this series of commemorative activities and deputy director of Xuhui District Cultural Bureau, also accepted an exclusive interview with the Morning Post reporter. In his view, Xu Guangqi's quality-easy acceptance of new things, has become the characteristic of his successor. Xu Guangqi Xu Guangqi (April 24, 1562-November 10, 1633), courtesy name Zixian, nickname Xuanhu, Yi Wending. A native of Shanghai County, Songjiang Prefecture, South Zhili, Ming Dynasty, he was a Jinshi, a Shu Jishi of Hanlin Academy, an official to the Ministry of Rites, and a bachelor of Wenyuan Pavilion. Xu Guangqi (right) and Matteo Ricci (left) co-translated "Elements of Geometry", which is recognized as Xu Guangqi's greatest contribution to mathematics. He has achieved cross-era achievements in astronomy, mathematics, agronomy, military thought and other fields: presided over the revision of the calendar and compiled the Chongzhen Almanac, introduced the concept of round earth, and provided the first all-sky star map; Together with Italian missionary Matteo Ricci, he translated Elements of Geometry, laying an important foundation for China to introduce modern science from the world; He wrote many works on agronomy throughout his life. The famous Complete Book of Agricultural Administration has 60 volumes and more than 700,000 words. Among them, the exposition on agricultural administration thoughts and agricultural technology has greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in China. Military thought takes "seeking refinement" and "responsibility for reality" as the core, and puts forward "seeking real materials for backup". He is the first person in the history of Chinese military technology to put forward the theory of artillery application in war. Li Tiangang and Xu Guangqi were "the first person to look for ideas from the West", two hundred years earlier than Lin Zexu (the so-called "the first person to see the world with his eyes open" by historians). Some people question that Xu Guangqi's achievements are based on translation. In fact, translation is also a science. For example, for the translation of the word geometry, pronounced in Shanghai dialect of Ming Dynasty, "Geo" sounds like "geometry", and it can also remind people of the famous sentence in Cao Cao's Dan Ge Xing, "Sing for wine, life is geometry". Xu Guangqi's translation of Aristotle's philosophical works accurately corresponds to the terminology of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. Xu Guangqi has a famous idea: "If you want to win, you must first get through. Before you get through, you must translate first." In 1600, I met Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in Nanjing, which changed Xu Guangqi's life trajectory. At that time, in the West, the Church of Jesus mastered the most advanced ideas and science and technology, while Matteo Ricci, a descendant of Italian nobles, came to developed China, and naturally used the most avant-garde science and technology in the West to prove his civilization. In addition, with the rise of a group of scholars in the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi "opened his eyes to the world" through Matteo Ricci. It is the most natural thing to make a day "become" 24 hours a day ", but before Xu Guangqi, a day was not 24 hours, but 12 hours. In the 40th year of Wanli (AD 1612), the Ministry of Rites reported to the court that the observatory of the Ming Dynasty was in disrepair for a long time, the ground was concave and convex, the instruments were uneven, and the astrology was inaccurate, resulting in the "inconsistency between the calendar and the sky". At that time, only a few people in Qin Tianjian knew a little about the calendar, most astronomical predictions were inaccurate, and the imperial calendar was badly compiled. The son of heaven doesn't know the heavenly phenomena, which leads to the discussion of officials and the dissatisfaction of the people. The Ministry of Rites wanted to borrow the astronomical calendar knowledge of Xu Guangqi and Jesuits, and revise the Datong Calendar of the Ming Dynasty with the European Jules Calendar. However, in the tenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1582), the Holy See promulgated an updated calendar-Gregorian Calendar, which adopted the latest astronomical calculation technology and observation data to divide a day into 24 hours, and its accuracy greatly exceeded that of Datong Calendar in the Ming Dynasty. Xu Guangqi, who is over fifty years old, volunteered to revise the calendar. In 1612, the calendar was delayed for a long time, and it was interrupted by other affairs. In 1627, Chongzhen succeeded to the throne. Chongzhen, a young and energetic man, sought advice from Xu Guangqi, a "veteran minister of the three dynasties" with unique skills, and restarted the "calendar revision" plan that had been put on hold for 16 years. Xu Guangqi and others asked the Church of Jesus to translate the Gregorian Calendar, and then Chinese scholars in Qintianjian compared the traditional calendars. The western calendar is introduced if it conforms to Chinese tradition, and the parts of the Chinese calendar that do not conform to the actual operation are deleted. For example, the traditional Chinese heavenly calculation divides a day into twelve hours and one hundred quarters. The time division in the west is 24 hours a day, one hour and four quarters, totaling 96 quarters. In terms of east-west conversion, "twelve hours" is really equivalent to "24 hours". It can be solved by dividing each "hour" into two and calling it "hour" (referred to as "hour" for short). However, China's "one hundred quarters a day" and the western "96 quarters a day" cannot be converted. The greater difficulty is that the western "96 minutes a day" is obtained by multiplying "4" by "24 hours", and the two can be calculated. China's "twelve hours" and "one hundred quarters" are two sets of calculation methods. "Hour" and "quarters" cannot be divided, so they cannot be merged. If you must combine it, the result is a time division of 4.166 minutes per hour. Xu Guangqi and Tang Ruowang finally resolutely adopted the method of western calendar, abolishing the calculation method of a hundred squares a day, and keeping the Chinese calendar in sync with the timing methods of most other ethnic groups in the world. Xu Guangqi has been in charge of compiling the calendar for four years, and has roughly completed the compilation of Chongzhen Almanac. Two years after his death, Li Tianjing and Tang Ruowang had completed Xu Guangqi's unfinished business. Faced with such a brand-new calendar, Emperor Chongzhen had no idea. He hesitated whether to follow the Great Unified Calendar left by his ancestors, or to reform the law, change course and promulgate this revolutionary calendar. Chongzhen, who was suspicious by nature, finally ordered the engraving of Chongzhen Almanac in 1644 and promulgated it to the whole country. However, it was too late. This perfect calendar failed to save the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, named his reign as "Destiny", and 1616 was the "first year of Destiny" of the Manchu Dynasty. Manchurian people competed with the Ming Dynasty for "destiny" very early, and the confusion of "heavenly learning" in the Ming Dynasty seems to have really been taken away by the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing army entered the customs, the soldiers found Tang Ruowang, a "teacher of Tongxuan", in the hutong of Beijing. With little effort, I got the Chongzhen Almanac. Emperor Shunzhi renamed it the New Western Calendar, which was promulgated nationwide and has been implemented to this day. Sweet potatoes were brought to China. In the Ming Dynasty, the population of China was only 50 million, but in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it soared to 300 million. The population explosion in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties was largely attributed to Xu Guangqi's "Sweet Potato Sparse". Sweet potatoes were introduced to the Philippines by the Spaniards from America in the 16th century, and the colonial authorities strictly controlled them. The Spaniards did not let a piece of sweet potato leave the territory, so as to prevent it from being passed on to the Chinese and taking away their own planting interests. Chen Zhenlong, an immigrant from southern Fujian, who made a living in Nanyang, managed to hide sweet potato vines in a boat and breed them by a few ives, before risking his life to bring this magical food crop to Taiwan Province and then to Fujian, so there were countless living people. Xu Guangqi is "the first person to eat sweet potatoes" among mainland scholar-bureaucrats. In 1607, Xu Guangqi returned to Shanghai to keep his father's filial piety. He stayed at home for three years. Every year, he asked a Mr. Xu, who was doing business in Putian, Fujian Province, to bring seeds back to Shanghai for experimental transplantation. At that time, people thought that sweet potato was a southern plant, and it was impossible to introduce it in the Yangtze River Basin. It was the most difficult to "spread it" when it was planted in the Jiangnan plain. In the sowing season, the stems are either moldy, frozen, or excessive temperature and humidity. They have just sprouted after overwintering. In order to find the technology of "winter storage" of potato seeds, Xu Guangqi finally succeeded by hoarding for heat preservation, laying straw to prevent moisture, harvesting seeds before frost to avoid freezing, and planting seeds before Qingming without germination. He summed up a complete set of practices, such as seed transmission, planting conditions, soil suitability, cultivation, planting, blocking, moving and planting, cutting vines, harvesting, manufacturing, function and famine relief, called Songjiang Method, which pushed the sweet potato planting map to the north to Shandong, Hebei, Korea and Manchuria. "Songjiang Method" is a sweet potato planting technology in high latitudes. From the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere, from Latin America to Asia, exotic crops thousands of miles away have settled in the south of the Yangtze River, and there has been no serious biological degeneration. Xu Guangqi said proudly, "How many oranges exceed the Huaihe River, but they are oranges." Xu Guangqi's mind is different from that of the general Confucian scholar-bureaucrats who "help the world when they are rich, but be independent when they are poor". He didn't passively "resign from his office and return to his hometown", but he wanted to fulfill his lifelong ambition and complete the "agricultural revolution" which later historians called "scientific experiment". It is said that Xu Guangqi's farm in the southern suburbs of Tianjin has 1,500 mu to 2,000 mu, all of which are land reclaimed from saline-alkali wasteland. He experimented to introduce rice to the North China Plain, and Xu Guangqi's improved water conservancy irrigation and fertilization techniques solved the problem of rice planting in northern dryland, making rice planting take root in Tianjin. Tianjin's "Xiaozhan Rice", which was cultivated in the Ming Dynasty, later became famous all over the country. The Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration has 60 volumes, 12 items and about 500,000 words. This book is a kind of inheritance and development relationship with the agricultural books of past dynasties. According to Chen Zilong's "Complete Book of Agricultural Administration", Xu Guangqi is "a miscellaneous collection of families, and has his own opinions. What he gets is a book, but he is not coherent". In the Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, there are about 60,000 words written entirely by Xu Guangqi himself, accounting for only one tenth of the book. The rest are quotations from peasant works in past dynasties. According to statistics, there are 250 kinds of bibliographic sources. Therefore, we can say that Encyclopedia of Agricultural Affairs is an agricultural encyclopedia in ancient China. From his own pocket, he practiced artillery to save the country. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619), 26 years before the Qing army entered the customs, Xu Guangqi had already realized that the Ming Dynasty was in danger, and the Manchu were eyeing it outside the customs. However, when we inspect the ordnance in the camp, we can see that it is all the long sticks of Shaolin in Songshan Mountain, the sickles of Henan fields, and the long rakes of Shanshan and Shaanxi farmers, which cannot be equipped for everyone. Xu Guangqi decided to use advanced firearms to avoid hand-to-hand combat with cold weapons. He paid out of his own pocket and bought cannons from Macau, but he was accused of handling arms privately, which was blocked all the way. Three years later, the red cannons finally arrived in Beijing. At that time, all the people who could make cannons in Beijing were Catholics in Shanghai. A cannon was fired on the Great Wall and hit a man. This person died three months later, and this person was Nurhachi. Many years later, Dourgen entered the Central Plains. Civilian training, although courageous, was subjected to various remarks from the court. One year before Xu Guangqi's death, Sun Yuanhua, a student who had been following him for decades, was killed by the court in an unjust case. Xu Guangqi wanted to save the country but was unable to save it, and died of illness in anger the following year. Xu Guangqi has five grandchildren: Erjue, Erjue, Erdou, Ermo and Erlu, all of whom joined the religion, their descendants multiplied, and their in-laws spread all over the world, making Shanghai Chengxiang and Xujiahui important Catholic towns, and Songjiang, Jiading, Qingpu and Chuansha gradually developed Catholic communities. Xu Guangqi's granddaughter, Xu Gandi, married in Songjiang Fucheng and devoted herself to preaching. In 1658, she donated to build Qiujiawan Church and paid huge sums of money to help western missionaries. Shortly after her death, the Holy See once had plans to canonize her. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a descendant of Xu married Ni in Qingpu. The Ni family has a daughter who married Pastor Song Yaoru, who returned to Shanghai from the United States to preach for the Methodist Church. Song Yaoru and his wife, his children, and his sons-in-law constituted the largest family in Shanghai and even China during the Republic of China. They were: female: Song Ailing (suitable for Kong Xiangxi), Qingling (suitable for Sun Wen), Meiling (suitable for Chiang Kai-shek); Sons: Song Ziwen, Song Ziliang.On this day 463 years ago, on April 24th, 1562 (March 21th, 1562 in the lunar calendar), Xu Guangqi, a famous scientist and politician in the Ming Dynasty, was born. Before Xu Guangqi, a day was not 24 hours, but 12 hours. Editor's note: Xujiahui, one of the most important place names on the map of Shanghai today, is associated with the name of Xu Guangqi, the most important sage in this city and a patriotic scientist in the late Ming Dynasty. More than 400 years ago, when Shanghai was far from being a metropolis, Xujiahui, famous for Xu Guangqi, opened the curtain of modern civilization in Shanghai. In the late Ming Dynasty, when the politics was turbid, Xu Guangqi was outstanding, learning new western knowledge and ideas, and raising China's level in agronomy, astronomy, mathematics, military thought and other fields to a new height. Remembering the memory of ancestors and caring for the present, Xu Guangqi's forward vision, open attitude, spirit of change and scientific concept of applying what he has learned are still of practical value to today's Shanghainese and even the whole Chinese society. April 24th this year is the 450th anniversary of Xu Guangqi's birth. On the same day, Li Tiangang, a professor at the Institute of Religion, Department of Philosophy, Fudan University, a disciple of Mr. Zhu Weizheng, and who has written extensively on the history of cultural exchanges between China and the West, held a Xu Guangqi memorial lecture "Xu Guangqi and Modern Chinese Culture", carefully sorted out Xu Guangqi's achievements, and called Xu Guangqi "the most outstanding Shanghainese in more than 400 years". In addition, Song Haojie, one of the promoters of this series of commemorative activities and deputy director of Xuhui District Cultural Bureau, also accepted an exclusive interview with the Morning Post reporter. In his view, Xu Guangqi's quality-easy acceptance of new things, has become the characteristic of his successor. Xu Guangqi Xu Guangqi (April 24, 1562-November 10, 1633), courtesy name Zixian, nickname Xuanhu, Yi Wending. A native of Shanghai County, Songjiang Prefecture, South Zhili, Ming Dynasty, he was a Jinshi, a Shu Jishi of Hanlin Academy, an official to the Ministry of Rites, and a bachelor of Wenyuan Pavilion. Xu Guangqi (right) and Matteo Ricci (left) co-translated "Elements of Geometry", which is recognized as Xu Guangqi's greatest contribution to mathematics. He has achieved cross-era achievements in astronomy, mathematics, agronomy, military thought and other fields: presided over the revision of the calendar and compiled the Chongzhen Almanac, introduced the concept of round earth, and provided the first all-sky star map; Together with Italian missionary Matteo Ricci, he translated Elements of Geometry, laying an important foundation for China to introduce modern science from the world; He wrote many works on agronomy throughout his life. The famous Complete Book of Agricultural Administration has 60 volumes and more than 700,000 words. Among them, the exposition on agricultural administration thoughts and agricultural technology has greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in China. Military thought takes "seeking refinement" and "responsibility for reality" as the core, and puts forward "seeking real materials for backup". He is the first person in the history of Chinese military technology to put forward the theory of artillery application in war. Li Tiangang and Xu Guangqi were "the first person to look for ideas from the West", two hundred years earlier than Lin Zexu (the so-called "the first person to see the world with his eyes open" by historians). Some people question that Xu Guangqi's achievements are based on translation. In fact, translation is also a science. For example, for the translation of the word geometry, pronounced in Shanghai dialect of Ming Dynasty, "Geo" sounds like "geometry", and it can also remind people of the famous sentence in Cao Cao's Dan Ge Xing, "Sing for wine, life is geometry". Xu Guangqi's translation of Aristotle's philosophical works accurately corresponds to the terminology of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. Xu Guangqi has a famous idea: "If you want to win, you must first get through. Before you get through, you must translate first." In 1600, I met Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in Nanjing, which changed Xu Guangqi's life trajectory. At that time, in the West, the Church of Jesus mastered the most advanced ideas and science and technology, while Matteo Ricci, a descendant of Italian nobles, came to developed China, and naturally used the most avant-garde science and technology in the West to prove his civilization. In addition, with the rise of a group of scholars in the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi "opened his eyes to the world" through Matteo Ricci. It is the most natural thing to make a day "become" 24 hours a day ", but before Xu Guangqi, a day was not 24 hours, but 12 hours. In the 40th year of Wanli (AD 1612), the Ministry of Rites reported to the court that the observatory of the Ming Dynasty was in disrepair for a long time, the ground was concave and convex, the instruments were uneven, and the astrology was inaccurate, resulting in the "inconsistency between the calendar and the sky". At that time, only a few people in Qin Tianjian knew a little about the calendar, most astronomical predictions were inaccurate, and the imperial calendar was badly compiled. The son of heaven doesn't know the heavenly phenomena, which leads to the discussion of officials and the dissatisfaction of the people. The Ministry of Rites wanted to borrow the astronomical calendar knowledge of Xu Guangqi and Jesuits, and revise the Datong Calendar of the Ming Dynasty with the European Jules Calendar. However, in the tenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1582), the Holy See promulgated an updated calendar-Gregorian Calendar, which adopted the latest astronomical calculation technology and observation data to divide a day into 24 hours, and its accuracy greatly exceeded that of Datong Calendar in the Ming Dynasty. Xu Guangqi, who is over fifty years old, volunteered to revise the calendar. In 1612, the calendar was delayed for a long time, and it was interrupted by other affairs. In 1627, Chongzhen succeeded to the throne. Chongzhen, a young and energetic man, sought advice from Xu Guangqi, a "veteran minister of the three dynasties" with unique skills, and restarted the "calendar revision" plan that had been put on hold for 16 years. Xu Guangqi and others asked the Church of Jesus to translate the Gregorian Calendar, and then Chinese scholars in Qintianjian compared the traditional calendars. The western calendar is introduced if it conforms to Chinese tradition, and the parts of the Chinese calendar that do not conform to the actual operation are deleted. For example, the traditional Chinese heavenly calculation divides a day into twelve hours and one hundred quarters. The time division in the west is 24 hours a day, one hour and four quarters, totaling 96 quarters. In terms of east-west conversion, "twelve hours" is really equivalent to "24 hours". It can be solved by dividing each "hour" into two and calling it "hour" (referred to as "hour" for short). However, China's "one hundred quarters a day" and the western "96 quarters a day" cannot be converted. The greater difficulty is that the western "96 minutes a day" is obtained by multiplying "4" by "24 hours", and the two can be calculated. China's "twelve hours" and "one hundred quarters" are two sets of calculation methods. "Hour" and "quarters" cannot be divided, so they cannot be merged. If you must combine it, the result is a time division of 4.166 minutes per hour. Xu Guangqi and Tang Ruowang finally resolutely adopted the method of western calendar, abolishing the calculation method of a hundred squares a day, and keeping the Chinese calendar in sync with the timing methods of most other ethnic groups in the world. Xu Guangqi has been in charge of compiling the calendar for four years, and has roughly completed the compilation of Chongzhen Almanac. Two years after his death, Li Tianjing and Tang Ruowang had completed Xu Guangqi's unfinished business. Faced with such a brand-new calendar, Emperor Chongzhen had no idea. He hesitated whether to follow the Great Unified Calendar left by his ancestors, or to reform the law, change course and promulgate this revolutionary calendar. Chongzhen, who was suspicious by nature, finally ordered the engraving of Chongzhen Almanac in 1644 and promulgated it to the whole country. However, it was too late. This perfect calendar failed to save the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, named his reign as "Destiny", and 1616 was the "first year of Destiny" of the Manchu Dynasty. Manchurian people competed with the Ming Dynasty for "destiny" very early, and the confusion of "heavenly learning" in the Ming Dynasty seems to have really been taken away by the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing army entered the customs, the soldiers found Tang Ruowang, a "teacher of Tongxuan", in the hutong of Beijing. With little effort, I got the Chongzhen Almanac. Emperor Shunzhi renamed it the New Western Calendar, which was promulgated nationwide and has been implemented to this day. Sweet potatoes were brought to China. In the Ming Dynasty, the population of China was only 50 million, but in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it soared to 300 million. The population explosion in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties was largely attributed to Xu Guangqi's "Sweet Potato Sparse". Sweet potatoes were introduced to the Philippines by the Spaniards from America in the 16th century, and the colonial authorities strictly controlled them. The Spaniards did not let a piece of sweet potato leave the territory, so as to prevent it from being passed on to the Chinese and taking away their own planting interests. Chen Zhenlong, an immigrant from southern Fujian, who made a living in Nanyang, managed to hide sweet potato vines in a boat and breed them by a few ives, before risking his life to bring this magical food crop to Taiwan Province and then to Fujian, so there were countless living people. Xu Guangqi is "the first person to eat sweet potatoes" among mainland scholar-bureaucrats. In 1607, Xu Guangqi returned to Shanghai to keep his father's filial piety. He stayed at home for three years. Every year, he asked a Mr. Xu, who was doing business in Putian, Fujian Province, to bring seeds back to Shanghai for experimental transplantation. At that time, people thought that sweet potato was a southern plant, and it was impossible to introduce it in the Yangtze River Basin. It was the most difficult to "spread it" when it was planted in the Jiangnan plain. In the sowing season, the stems are either moldy, frozen, or excessive temperature and humidity. They have just sprouted after overwintering. In order to find the technology of "winter storage" of potato seeds, Xu Guangqi finally succeeded by hoarding for heat preservation, laying straw to prevent moisture, harvesting seeds before frost to avoid freezing, and planting seeds before Qingming without germination. He summed up a complete set of practices, such as seed transmission, planting conditions, soil suitability, cultivation, planting, blocking, moving and planting, cutting vines, harvesting, manufacturing, function and famine relief, called Songjiang Method, which pushed the sweet potato planting map to the north to Shandong, Hebei, Korea and Manchuria. "Songjiang Method" is a sweet potato planting technology in high latitudes. From the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere, from Latin America to Asia, exotic crops thousands of miles away have settled in the south of the Yangtze River, and there has been no serious biological degeneration. Xu Guangqi said proudly, "How many oranges exceed the Huaihe River, but they are oranges." Xu Guangqi's mind is different from that of the general Confucian scholar-bureaucrats who "help the world when they are rich, but be independent when they are poor". He didn't passively "resign from his office and return to his hometown", but he wanted to fulfill his lifelong ambition and complete the "agricultural revolution" which later historians called "scientific experiment". It is said that Xu Guangqi's farm in the southern suburbs of Tianjin has 1,500 mu to 2,000 mu, all of which are land reclaimed from saline-alkali wasteland. He experimented to introduce rice to the North China Plain, and Xu Guangqi's improved water conservancy irrigation and fertilization techniques solved the problem of rice planting in northern dryland, making rice planting take root in Tianjin. Tianjin's "Xiaozhan Rice", which was cultivated in the Ming Dynasty, later became famous all over the country. The Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration has 60 volumes, 12 items and about 500,000 words. This book is a kind of inheritance and development relationship with the agricultural books of past dynasties. According to Chen Zilong's "Complete Book of Agricultural Administration", Xu Guangqi is "a miscellaneous collection of families, and has his own opinions. What he gets is a book, but he is not coherent". In the Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, there are about 60,000 words written entirely by Xu Guangqi himself, accounting for only one tenth of the book. The rest are quotations from peasant works in past dynasties. According to statistics, there are 250 kinds of bibliographic sources. Therefore, we can say that Encyclopedia of Agricultural Affairs is an agricultural encyclopedia in ancient China. From his own pocket, he practiced artillery to save the country. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619), 26 years before the Qing army entered the customs, Xu Guangqi had already realized that the Ming Dynasty was in danger, and the Manchu were eyeing it outside the customs. However, when we inspect the ordnance in the camp, we can see that it is all the long sticks of Shaolin in Songshan Mountain, the sickles of Henan fields, and the long rakes of Shanshan and Shaanxi farmers, which cannot be equipped for everyone. Xu Guangqi decided to use advanced firearms to avoid hand-to-hand combat with cold weapons. He paid out of his own pocket and bought cannons from Macau, but he was accused of handling arms privately, which was blocked all the way. Three years later, the red cannons finally arrived in Beijing. At that time, all the people who could make cannons in Beijing were Catholics in Shanghai. A cannon was fired on the Great Wall and hit a man. This person died three months later, and this person was Nurhachi. Many years later, Dourgen entered the Central Plains. Civilian training, although courageous, was subjected to various remarks from the court. One year before Xu Guangqi's death, Sun Yuanhua, a student who had been following him for decades, was killed by the court in an unjust case. Xu Guangqi wanted to save the country but was unable to save it, and died of illness in anger the following year. Xu Guangqi has five grandchildren: Erjue, Erjue, Erdou, Ermo and Erlu, all of whom joined the religion, their descendants multiplied, and their in-laws spread all over the world, making Shanghai Chengxiang and Xujiahui important Catholic towns, and Songjiang, Jiading, Qingpu and Chuansha gradually developed Catholic communities. Xu Guangqi's granddaughter, Xu Gandi, married in Songjiang Fucheng and devoted herself to preaching. In 1658, she donated to build Qiujiawan Church and paid huge sums of money to help western missionaries. Shortly after her death, the Holy See once had plans to canonize her. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a descendant of Xu married Ni in Qingpu. The Ni family has a daughter who married Pastor Song Yaoru, who returned to Shanghai from the United States to preach for the Methodist Church. Song Yaoru and his wife, his children, and his sons-in-law constituted the largest family in Shanghai and even China during the Republic of China. They were: female: Song Ailing (suitable for Kong Xiangxi), Qingling (suitable for Sun Wen), Meiling (suitable for Chiang Kai-shek); Sons: Song Ziwen, Song Ziliang.