On this day 816 years ago, on January 10, 1209 (December 3, 1208 lunar calendar), the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Yuanxianzong Mengge, was born. Emperor Taizu of Yuan, the eldest son of Genghis Khan Tuolei, and the adopted son of Emperor Taizong of Yuan, was raised by Emperor Taizong of Yuan Empress Aung Hui. He was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the last widely recognized Great Khan before the Mongol Empire split (the four khanates did not recognize the Yuan Dynasty's nominal suzerain status until the Yuan Chengzong period). July 1, 1251 - Reigned on August 11, 1259, and reigned for 8 years and 2 months. By October of the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), the Tai Temple was completed, and the name of the posthumous temple was made. Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan Zun Zun Zun Zun Meng Ge Temple was named Xianzong, and the posthumous name was Emperor Huan Su. Emperor Taizu of Yuan was born on December 3 (January 10, 1209), Meng Ge was born in the Mobei grassland. He was the grandson of Emperor Taizu of Yuan Genghis Khan, the eldest son of Tuolei, and the eldest son of Tuolei's wife (Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan was the second son, Hulagu was the third son, and Ali Buge was the fourth son). "Meng Ge" means permanent. Before Emperor Taizong of Yuan Ogutai ascended the throne, he took Meng Ge as his adopted son and asked Empress Ang Hui to take care of Meng Ge. When he grew up, he married Huolu Lab's woman Huolichai as a concubine and distributed it to his subjects. Emperor Taizong of Yuan died in the ninth month of the lunar calendar in the fourth year (1232), and let him go back to inherit the fief of Tuolei. Meng Ge followed Ogutai many times to participate in the conquest and made great achievements. Meng Ge is taciturn, not proud, and likes to hunt. In the seventh year of Emperor Taizong of Yuan (1235), Mengge participated in the second Mongolian western expedition, and together with Batu and Gui from the western expedition to Europe in Briar, Qincha, Luosi and other places, he made many military achievements. Near the Caspian Sea, he captured the leader of Qincha, Bachiman. The Tuolei family won the throne in 1248. After the death of Yuan Dingzong Gui in the third month of the lunar calendar, after the death of the empress Gui You, the empress was lost in the sea. Due to the discord between Gui You and Batu in his early years, Batu refused to go to the funeral. In order to fight against the Okuodai family, Batu sent envoys to invite Zong King and ministers to his encampment in the Central Asian steppe to hold a meeting in Huritai to discuss the election of the new Khan. Most of the kings of the Ogadai and Chagadai dynasties refused to go, and the empress sent only the minister Hacha as a representative to the meeting. Instigating Luhtiani ordered his eldest son, Mungo, to lead his brothers and retainers to be summoned. In 1250, the Kuridai Congress was held at the base of Batu in Central Asia. At the meeting, Batu vigorously praised Mungo's outstanding ability and great achievements in the western invasion. He should ascend the throne, and pointed out that Guiyouzhi violated the order of Ogadai (Ogadai lost his life and ascended the throne), and the descendants of Ogadai were not eligible to inherit the throne. The conference passed the proposal of Batu and elected Mungo as the Great Khan. The Ogutai and Chagatai families refused to admit it. They instigated Luhe Tieni and Mungo to send envoys to invite the kings of each branch to the banks of the Nianan River to hold Hurilitai. Batu sent his younger brother Beidaige to lead the army to accompany Mungo to the banks of the Nianan River. However, many kings of the Ogutai and Chagatai families still refused to answer the call, and the conference was delayed for a long time. Due to the fact that Mengge's mother instigated Luhetini's high prestige and was good at winning over the nobles of the Zong king, most of the Zong king ministers were finally called to come. In the sixth month of the lunar calendar in 1251, the Huritai Congress was held on the banks of the Niannan River in the Mongolian grassland. On June 11, the first year of Yuan Xianzong (July 1, 1251), the Zong king ministers jointly supported Mengge to the throne, and Mengge became the emperor of the Great Mongolia (Great Khan of the Mongol Empire). On the day of Mengge's accession to the throne, he instigated Luhetini as the empress dowager. After that, in order to consolidate the khan throne, Luhetini suppressed the opponents without mercy and personally ordered the execution of the empress of Yuan Dingzong Guiyou, who was lost in Wulihai. Since the succession of the Khan throne, it has been transferred from the Ogutai family to the Tuolei family. The division within the royal family paved the way for the complete division of the later Great Mongolia. In the ninth year of Yuan Xianzong's reign (1259), the vast territory of the Great Mongolia (Mongol Empire) that spanned the Eurasian continent under the rule of Mongo, the yellow line was the imperial border in 1259, and the red area was the vassal state of the empire. On July 1, 1251, after Mongo ascended the throne, the kings of the Ogutai family refused to recognize it, and later led troops to suppress it, and his brother Kublai Lie led the military and political affairs of the Monan Han Dynasty. During his reign, two Daegu'ers were killed because of their involvement with the Ogutai family, one named Zhenhai and the other named Salendi, who were later sent to Helin for execution after being accused of preparing to massacre the returnees at Friday prayers. In 1258, the Chui regime of Koryo collapsed, and the king of Koryo surrendered to the Greater Mongolia, and the two sides reached a peace agreement. Koryo became a vassal state of the Greater Mongolia, but retained the original government system and traditional culture of Koryo, "from its national customs", "self-selected officials". In June of the second year (1252) after the destruction of Dali, he ordered his younger brother Kublai Khan to march south to Dali. In July, Kublai Khan led his army to set off. In August of the third year of Yuan Xianzong (1253), Kublai Khan led his army from Shaanxi to attack Dali in present-day Yunnan and other places. On December 12 (January 2, 1254), Kublai Khan conquered Dali City, King Duan Xingzhi surrendered, Dali fell, and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau was incorporated into the territory of Greater Mongolia. In 1256, Duan Xingzhi went to Mobei and Lin Palace to see Meng Ge, who was appointed as the chief of Dali by Meng Ge, and his descendants were hereditary. From 1254, when Kublai Khan, the emperor of Yuan Xianzong, destroyed Dali, to 1382, when King Liang, who was stationed in Yunnan, committed suicide by Zarawalmi soldiers, and Duan Shi, the chief of Dali in the Yuan Dynasty, was defeated and surrendered to the Ming army. The Yuan Dynasty ruled Yunnan for 128 years. In June of the third year of the expedition to Western Asia (1253), Mengge ordered his brother Hulagu to lead the army to the west. Hulagu's Western expedition army set out from the Mobei grassland. After crossing the Amu Darya River in 1256, the army was invincible, first attacking and destroying the Luer regime in southern Persia, and in 1256 destroying the Mulayi kingdom (Assassin faction) in western Persia. The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad was destroyed in 1258. On March 1, 1260, the Ayyub dynasty in Syria was destroyed, and troops were sent to capture most of Asia Minor. After the capture of Syria, Hulagu's Western Expedition Army arrived in today's Palestine on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and was about to go to war with the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt. At this time, Hulagu received the news of the death of Mungo, the supreme ruler of the empire, brought by the messenger, so he only sent the vanguard, timid, and less than 10,000 troops to garrison in Syria, and he led the army to return east. On September 3, 1260, the Egyptian Mamluk Dynasty took advantage of Hulagu's attack to lead the main force to return east and capture Syria. On the way back to the east, Hulagu got the news that Kublai Khan and Ali Buge were fighting for the throne, so he stayed in West Asia, from the side of the emperor, and announced his support for Kublai Khan, who was later named "Yi'er Khan" by Kublai Khan, and the Yi'er Khanate of West Asia was established. In the eighth year of the conquest of Yuanxianzong in the Southern Song Dynasty (1258), Meng Ge, his brother Kublai Khan and general Wuliang joined forces to attack the Southern Song Dynasty in three ways. In the seventh month of the lunar calendar in 1258, Meng Ge personally led the main force to attack Sichuan, invincible all the way, conquering most of the northern part of Sichuan. In early 1259, the offensive under the fishing city of Hezhou (now Hechuan District, Chongqing) was blocked. After several months of failure to conquer, on July 21 (August 11, 1259), Yuan Xianzong died of illness in the fishing mountain of He Meng Ge left his last words before his death, saying that if he captured Diaoyu City in the future, he would slaughter all the soldiers and civilians (this matter is not recorded in the "Yuan Shi", "New Yuan Shi" and "Historical Collection", it should be an unofficial rumor. The Meng Ge recorded in these three historical books died of illness and had nothing to do with Diaoyu City). However, when Diaoyu City surrendered in 1279, Kublai Khan pardoned all the soldiers and civilians. Although Meng Ge failed to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty and unify the world before his death, his death had a great impact on the world pattern at that time. Meng Ge's death led to the suspension of the third Mongol western expedition of the commander of Hulagu. Moreover, after Meng Ge's death, a dispute broke out between his brother Kublai Khan and Ali Buge for the succession, which eventually led to the division of the Great Mongolia (Mongol Empire). 1253 - 1255 - From the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Lubrook travelled from west to east across the entire Greater Mongolia (Mongol Empire), reaching the imperial capital of Hara and Lin in the Mongolian steppe of Mobei to meet Mungo, and the road map for returning from Hara and Lin. King Louis IX of France sent the missionary Lubrook to the east to meet the Mongol Khan to discuss missionary affairs and alliances against the Arabs. Lubrook departed from the city of Accra (now Haifa, Israel) on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean in 1253, left Constantinople on May 7, 1253, and traveled all the way eastward, crossing the Black Sea. In the autumn, he reached the Volga River and met with Tehduk Khan. Badu believed that he had no right to allow him to preach among the Mongols, so he sent him to the east to meet the Great Khan Mungo. After meeting Batu, Lubrook left a vivid description of Batu: "Batu sat on a high golden chair, or on a throne the size of a bed, and had to be three degrees above the throne, and one of his wives sat next to him. The rest sat on his right and the left of this wife." In December 1253, Lubrook arrived at the winter camp of Mungo, south of Hara and Linn. He met Mungo on January 4, 1254, and left a vivid description of Mungo: "We were led into the tent hall, and when the felt hanging in front of the door was rolled up, we went in and sang hymns. The entire inner wall of the tabernacle was covered with gold cloth. In the center of the tabernacle, there was a small furnace, in which a fire was lit with branches, wormwood roots, and cow dung. Khan sat on a small bed, wearing a leather robe that was as shiny as seal skin. He was of medium stature, about 45 years old, and had a flat nose. Khan ordered us some rice wine, clear and sweet as white wine. Then he ordered many kinds of falcons, and placed them on his fists, and watched them for a while. After that he ordered us to speak. He had a Nestorian as his interpreter. "On April 5, 1254, he accompanied Mungo to Hara and Lin, the capital of the Mongol Empire. On August 18, Mungo returned to the west with Mungo's letter to Louis IX, which read: "This is the order of the Eternal Heaven. There is only one God in heaven and one monarch on earth, the Son of Heaven Genghis Khan." Mungo ordered the king of France to recognize him as his vassal in the name of the Eternal Heaven and its representative on earth, the Great Khan. He returned to the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in 1255. A year later, his mission report, written in Latin, was given to Louis IX, the "Travels of the Orient", also known as the "Travels of Lubrook". Haitun I, the king of Little Armenia, returned to the Mongol Empire in 1244 and became a vassal. In the spring of 1254, Haitun I personally went to the Mongolian steppe to meet the Great Khan Mungo on the orders of Batu Khan. He travelled eastward with his retinue until May, when he reached the Batu camp (lower Volga), and then continued eastward. On September 13, he arrived at Montgomery (Hara Herin) to meet and pay tribute, and received an edict issued by Montgomery; "The edict is stamped with the imperial seal of Montgomery, and no one is allowed to bully him and his country. He is also given a royal decree allowing churches to have autonomy." After 50 days in Hara Herin, he left Khan Tingsihan. On the way back, he met Montgomery's younger brother Hulagu in the Central Asian River region. The journey lasted for 8 months, and he returned to Little Armenia in July 1255. After returning home, he wrote "Haitun Travel".