731 years ago today, January 22, 1294 (December 25, 1293, the lunar calendar), Kublai Khan passed away. Kublai Khan passed away on January 22, 1294 in the Red Sandalwood Hall! Kubilai (1215 - 1294), whose full name was Bo 'erzhijin Kublai Khan, was a Mongolian ethnic group. He was the second son (in total, four sons) of Tuolei's wife Soulu Heteni. The founding emperor of the Yuan Dynasty in China, his temple name was Shizu, and his posthumous title was Shengde Shengongwu Emperor. He was respectfully known in Mongolian as SecenQa¦Ãan. He was also a fifth-generation Mongolian Khan. After his eldest brother Mengge ascended the throne, he ordered an attack on the Southern Song Dynasty, while Kublai Khan was in charge of the affairs of the Southern Han Dynasty in charge of the desert. During this period, he appointed a large number of Han aides and Confucian scholars, such as Liu Bingzhong, Xu Heng, Yao Shu, etc., and put forward the idea of "practicing the Han Law". The Confucian scholars Yuan Haowen and Zhang Dehui also asked Kublai Khan to accept the title of "Great Master of Confucianism", but Kublai Khan accepted it happily. In 1253, Kublai Khan led his army to attack the Dali State in present-day Yunnan. King Duan surrendered and was appointed as the hereditary governor of Dali. After Mengge died in 1259, the following year his brother Ali Buge was elected as the Great Khan of the Great Mongolia in Halakhun, while Kublai Khan became the Great Khan of the Central Plains under the support of elite soldiers. His younger brother Ali Buge and Kublai Khan launched a war for the throne until Ali Buge was defeated and surrendered in 1264. Kublai Khan was established as one, moved the capital to Dadu, and Shangdu became the accompanying capital, and continued to implement Han laws and appoint Han officials. However, three of the four khanates terminated their vassal relations and separated themselves from his jurisdiction because he violated the traditional khanate election tradition and his proposition of "practicing Han law." Only the Ilkhanate (the first Ilkhanate, Kublai's brother Hulagu) nominally recognized Kublai's status as a great Khan, but after Kublai's death, the Ilkhanate also became completely independent. At this point, the political territory under the actual jurisdiction of the Mongolian Great Khan only limited to the Central Plains, the eastern half of present-day Xinjiang, Xizang and the entire territory of Mongolia. In 1271, Kublai Khan named the country Dayuan, officially ascended the throne as emperor, and began plans to attack the Southern Song Dynasty south. It took his army six years to capture the important town of Xiangyang, but progress since then was quite smooth. In 1279, during the Battle of Yashan, Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea and died on his back. The Southern Song Dynasty died, and Kublai Khan officially ruled China. Kublai Khan later also sent troops to attack some other countries and regions. Among them, the invasion of Japan was the most famous and most tragic. In the 11th year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1274), the Yuan Dynasty launched the first war of aggression against Japan. Japanese history books called it the "Battle of Wenyong". More than 32,000 people marched on the Eastern Expedition to Japan. In July of the 18th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1281), Kublai Khan launched the Second War of Invasion of Japan, known in history as the "Battle of Hong 'an". Fan Wenhu and Li Ting led more than 100,000 Jiangnan troops to reach the two islands of Neng and Shiga. However, they encountered a typhoon and nearly half of them drowned. Both attacks by the Yuan army ended in failure. It is generally believed that typhoons (the Japanese called these two strong winds "kamikaze") were the biggest reason for the failure. However, later generations also believed that it was caused by the incompatible marching habits of the Yuan Dynasty (the Mongolians were accustomed to fighting land, while attacking Japan was a naval battle). In his youth, Kublai Khan often paid attention to the civilization of the Jin and Song Dynasties and realized that "Mongolia can only be realized by integrating with Islamic civilization and Han culture, and the ideal of the empire being based on the world for a long time." Therefore, he often surrounded him by scholars from the Central Plains, the Middle East, etc. Through their speeches and experience, in addition to the Islamic world, Kublai Khan's understanding of Han customs and customs also surpassed that of most contemporary Mongolians. However, before and after the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, most Mongolians disagreed with Kublai Khan's proposition that he should get close to Han scholars. Therefore, Kublai Khan felt that he had to use force to annihilate his brother and become a Khan before his ideal could be realized. But the battle for the throne also eliminated the possibility of Mongolian unity. In the future, even though Kublai Khan implemented the Han Law in the Han Dynasty, the Mongolian aristocrats around him always opposed the implementation of the Han Law more than supported it. Because it was so difficult to change the Mongolians 'ideas, the expedition to expand the territory to Japan failed, the difficulty of governing the Central Plains was higher than expected, and the financial management results of the Semu were indeed more fruitful and smarter than those of the Han people, in the general environment of martial arts, the frustrated Kublai Khan lost his prestige of the past. He chose to compromise with the Mongolian aristocrats. The status of the Han people finally retreated to the last level, planting the will of the Han people to actively resist the Mongolians in the future. At the same time, it also declared the failure of Kublai Khan's early attempts to innovate Mongolia. [Source request] Kublai Khan suffered from gout in his later years. His beloved wife Chabi and Crown Prince Zheng Jin passed away first, which made him deeply saddened. In order to seek comfort, he enjoyed more delicious food and mellow wine. Excessive drinking put a red light on his health, and he passed away in the palace in the 31st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1294).