Mary I£¨Mary IFebruary 18, 1516-November 17, 1558), Queen of England and Ireland (theoretically she reigned from July 6, 1553, but actually from July 19 until her death on November 17, 1558). She was the fourth monarch of the Tudor Dynasty and an extremely devout Catholic. Her main achievement was her efforts to restore England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism (1555). To this end, she executed almost 300 opponents. It is called the "Bloody Mary". From then on, Bloody Mary became synonymous with witch in English. But her religious policies were largely subverted by her successor Elizabeth I.

The early life of Mary I was unhappy. Her father, Henry VIII, had lost interest in her mother, Catherine, Princess of Aragon, and decided to divorce her. But the couple were both stubborn. Catherine insisted that she was queen, and she was determined to fight Henry VIII to the end. In fact, Catherine went from cooking to knitting to running the state, and her only mistake was not having a son. Only Mary survived from Henry VIII and Catherine. There was no queen in England at the time, and Henry VIII also believed that a woman's succession to the throne was unknown.

(Of course, what is more important is that Catherine was originally the sister-in-law of Henry VIII. After the death of her brother Arthur, King Henry VII used this Catherine as a hostage to restrain her father, King Ferdinand, for political gain, and deprived her of all her property. When Henry VII died, his heroic son immediately married his former sister-in-law, who was 6 years older than him. They had a wonderful time, but as Catherine grew older and faded, their relationship began to collapse. And "Leviticus" writes that sleeping with his sister-in-law is a serious sin. Henry believed that God did not recognize their sinful marriage at all, so he cursed him for having only one daughter, Princess Mary, which in fact did not exist.)

In order to divorce Catherine and then push his beloved courtymaid Anne Boleyn (who later became the second queen) to the throne, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church, which refused to allow him to divorce, and established the Anglican Church of England. Henry VIII's son Edward VI (born to the third queen) had supported the union, but was later ousted by his sister Mary.

Since then, Princess Mary's fate became even more difficult. She was not allowed to see her mother. On various occasions, she was addressed as Miss Mary Tudor rather than Princess. Her father ostracized her in every way, her maid was replaced, and then she was placed under house arrest and stripped of all titles. But she still stubbornly called herself the king's legitimate daughter, not an illegitimate daughter. This made Henry VIII very angry. He canceled all possible marriages for his daughter, including Charles V, the most powerful Holy Roman Emperor at the time (who was Mary's cousin), and François, the wealthy King of France (who was of course also Mary's cousin). In addition, she had to degenerate into a court nanny, serving her sister, Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, from the age of 17.

Mary's stepmother, Anne Boleyn, was finally executed for treason because Henry VIII was tired and did not produce a male heir for Henry VIII. So there was a new stepmother, and Princess Elizabeth was also degenerated to become the nanny of the harem, serving her brother Edward VI.

But the bad luck basically ended after the death of Henry VIII. In 1553, Mary overthrew the rule of Princess Jane Gray, Queen of Nine Days (aged 16, 4 years younger than her cousin Elizabeth I), beheaded her and established a Catholic government. It was her unfortunate early life that caused her resentment towards Protestantism and her violent temper. She married her nephew Philip II of Spain, an unpopular marriage to strengthen Catholic power, but the groom had hardly lived in England at all, so there was no descendants. So in 1558, after Queen Mary died, her sister Princess Elizabeth became Queen of England and Ireland.

At almost the same time, there was another queen named Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, Mary I. Stewart's granddaughter. In the end, she died at the hands of her cousin Elizabeth I.

After her rule ended, the Protestant Elizabeth I ascended the throne and Catholic rule ended.