On this day, 832 years ago, on March 4, 1193 (January 29, 1193 lunar calendar), Saladin, the founding monarch of the Ayyub dynasty of Egypt, died. Saladin salah-al-din (full name Saladin Yusuf bin Ayyub bin Sadi bin Marwan al-Ayubi, 1138 - March 4, 1193), Sultan of the Ayyub Dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1171-1193), the first king of the Ayyub Dynasty of Egypt, the title is Sultan. Saladin has been worshipped by Muslims and respected by Christians all over the world for 826 years since his death, and his personality and achievements are indeed worthy of the title of hero. The Middle East in Saladin's time was a land of right and wrong, just like the Middle East today, with many factions, conflicts and intricacies. Although there are many factions, they can basically be divided into two camps: the Christian camp and the Islamic camp. After waves of crusaders from Western Europe, they finally firmly occupied the Palestinian region on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and established several small kingdoms, of which the Kingdom of Jerusalem was the most powerful. In the Islamic camp, the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad at that time was the traditional co-lord of the Islamic world, but it had long since declined and was not enough to dominate the princes everywhere. The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt (known as the "Green Food" in Chinese history books) respected Shiites and refused to recognize the authority of the Sunni Abbasid dynasty. In the Middle East, there are still many Turkic regimes, the largest of which is the Zangi dynasty of the Kingdom of Nur al-Din, which occupies what is now northern Iraq and Syria. Saladin was born into a Kurdish family, but he was recognized as his predecessor by all Muslims in the Middle East for his work and mind that transcended the nation. His father was a minor lord under the Kingdom of Nur al-Din. As a son of a noble, Saladin received a good education at the Islamic Institute of Economics from an early age and became a devout Sunni follower of Islam. Saladin's uncle Shirko was the guide to his growth. From his uncle, Saladin learned not only the skills of military command, but also the way of dealing with people. At the age of 26, he was dispatched by the suzerain Nur al-Din to go to Egypt with Shirko. Although the war ended in failure for nearly three years, he had already developed the skills of the future hero. The threat of the heretics in the Kingdom of Jerusalem united the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt, which belonged to different sects, with the kingdom of Nur al-Din. In 1168, Shirko and Saladin were invited by Egypt to be the guests of the King of Fatima. The following year, Shirko was appointed prime minister, but soon died of illness. Saladin succeeded him as prime minister. The next two years were a period of severe testing for Saladin. After he came to power, he immediately reorganized the palace guard, cultivated cronies to replace the old officials, resolutely suppressed the rebellion of internal and external collusion, repelled the invasion of the Crusaders, and at the same time built water conservancy, developed the economy, and gained the hearts and minds of the people. A minority believer in a foreign country finally took advantage of his wisdom and laid the foundation for his career. Two years later, Saladin had actually seized the military and political power of Egypt. The last king of Fatima died of illness. Saladin established the Ayyub dynasty, became the first sultan, changed the flag, respected Sunnis, and recognized the authority of the caliphate in Baghdad. After years of operation, Saladin had built up one of the most powerful armies in the Muslim world. Saladin's former suzerain, Nur al-Din, tried to take control of Saladin and asked him for tribute, but Saladin politely refused. Nur al-Din was angry and prepared to attack Egypt, but at a critical moment he fell ill and died. Now it was Saladin's turn to develop power in his homeland. Saladin was backed by strong force, bribed with money, and effective psychological warfare, and basically captured Damascus and Aleppo, the major cities of Syria. Although he was assassinated twice by the famous assassination group Asahin in the process, it did not prevent Saladin from establishing a large country including Egypt, Syria, northern Iraq, Nezhi, and Yemen, and formed a encirclement of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near the Dead Sea. Next came the most glorious period of Saladin's life. In 1187, a beautiful siege at Hedian almost wiped out the main army of Jerusalem and captured the king of Jerusalem. After a 13-day siege, he finally captured the holy city. Jerusalem returned to the name of Allah after a lapse of 88 years, and all the Christian churches in the city were replaced by mosques. This upheaval caused a burst of cheers in the Muslim world and a great shock to the Christian world of Western Europe. Pope Urban III was taken aback and went to God to complain. The countries of Western Europe actively organized crusades, and the resulting Third Crusade was also the most famous of all the crusades. The German emperor Frederick the Red Beard set out first, but drowned in a small river during the journey. Later, King Philip II of France, dissatisfied that the leadership of the crusade had fallen into the hands of his old enemy, King Richard I, left his army and returned alone. King Richard I of England, known as the "Lionheart" for his tyranny and belligerence, fought Saladin in a classic battle in the history of war. In the battle of Acre, the Lionheart used a huge siege tower and trebuchets, and the navy cooperated to ensure supplies. Finally, there was a fierce battle with Saladin's army in Jaffa. Both commanders personally participated in the war, and both were wounded and fell ill. Finally, the Lionheart King won and finally advanced to the city of Jerusalem. Saladin could not hold on, and it seemed that it would evolve into a long war. At this time, due to the severe situation of domestic rebellion and backyard fires, both of them were unwilling to continue, and finally reached a peace agreement. The main content of the peace agreement was that Muslims occupied the Palestinian interior and Christians occupied the coastal area. Jerusalem was still owned by Saladin, but it was open to pilgrimage Christians. Saladin's brother married Richard's sister, which became a good story between the two religions. After the peace was reached, the two sides signed a three-year and three-month peace treaty. Richard the Lionheart retreated home with the True Cross to calm the chaos, and agreed to return three years later to have a duel. But neither of them fulfilled their promise. Saladin died of illness in Damascus on March 4, 1193. On April 6, 1199, Richard the Lionheart died of a wound infection after being shot in the battlefield. In history, Saladin, in addition to his excellent record, was more praised for his generosity and generosity. After the capture of Jerusalem, he did not kill a single person and voluntarily released all prisoners of war, in stark contrast to the atrocities that followed the Crusaders' capture of the holy city 88 years ago and the capture of Acre by the Lionheart King. On the battlefield, he also gave good horses to the wounded Lionheart King. His generosity was even more prominent. After his death, he had only "one and a half gold coins", and his wealth was used to reward his subordinates or buy enemy land. Saladin's domestic affairs are easier to ignore. He cared about education, opened schools, entertained Islamic scholars, and commissioned them to write books explaining Islamic teachings. The school taught not only Islamic law, but also philosophy, astronomy and mathematics. He attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy, encouraged the development of foreign trade, and built the famous Saladin castle. After Saladin's death, the Ayyub dynasty was divided among his sons, but was soon reunified by his younger brother, Adil. The dynasty did not last long, lasting only 1250 years. Jerusalem, which he won for Allah, was owned by Muslims, except for a brief period in 1228-1244 when it fell into the hands of Christians. By 1291, all the remnants of the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine. Saladin's influence on the course of history was mainly the capture of Jerusalem, which turned the competition between Muslims and Christians here into a turning point. In addition, he established the Ayyub dynasty in Egypt, and brought Egypt back into the Sunni family of Islam. He seized Syria and other places, and brought Egypt and much of Western Asia back under the rule of the same regime. But Saladin's fame outweighs his actual influence in history. The Christian kingdom of Jerusalem was isolated from the Muslims, and even without Saladin, it would not have lasted. The Ayyub dynasty was not long, and the political order established by Saladin was actually only a flash in the pan amid the all-too-frequent political changes in the Middle East. Overall, Saladin ranks 31st in this top 100 list. The choice of Jerusalem as the pinnacle of his career seemed like a gamble. At that time, Saladin's state was not stable, and there were many enemies in both the Christian world and the Islamic world. The capture of Jerusalem made him a target of public criticism. But Saladin succeeded because Jerusalem made him a popular hero in the Islamic world, and no Muslims dared to challenge him publicly. Saladin was able to calmly deal with his own internal contradictions of the Christian crusade. Capturing Jerusalem was actually the wisest choice in Saladin's life.