On this day, 164 years ago, on March 3, 1861 (January 22, 1861 in the lunar calendar), Tsar Alexander II officially approved the decree to abolish serfdom. In the mid-19th century, Tsar Alexander II was still a feudal and autocratic monarchy based on serfdom. However, since the mid-19th century, capitalist production relations have slowly developed within feudal society and gradually destroyed the foundation of feudal serfdom. The crisis is deepening. As the contradiction between productivity and production relations intensifies, class struggle becomes increasingly acute. According to statistics from the tsarist Russian government, there were 709 peasant uprisings from 1826 to 1854, with an average of more than 24 per year. The police chief of the tsarist government said in horror in his report to the tsar: "Serfdom is a powder magazine at the foot of the country." In order to save serfdom and expand its hegemony in Europe, the tsarist Russian government launched a war on Turkey in October 1853 and launched the Crimean War. In the end, they were defeated by the German-French coalition forces. Not only did the war fail to save the crisis of serfdom, but it brought more disasters to the farmers, further exposing the decadence of serfdom and tsarist autocracy. Farmers 'resistance appears to be more frequent. According to statistics, there were 86 peasant riots across the country in 1858, 90 in 1859, and 108 in 1860. After the disastrous defeat in the Crimean War, Tsar Alexander I committed suicide by taking poison. The newly elected Alexander II was forced by internal and external difficulties and decided to implement top-down reforms. He successively established special committees for the central government and some European continents to draft drafts for the reform of serfdom. The committees were composed of tsar officials and noble representatives. This group of people does not support reform. They have been arguing for a long time and the reform draft has been difficult to produce. At this time, the wave of peasant uprisings was growing day by day, and the tsar felt the urgent need. "Any delay in the future will be harmful to the country," he said worriedly at the State Council. Alexander II's panic and urging enabled the drafting work to be accelerated, and the draft was finally thrown out. On March 3, 1861, the tsar formally approved the decree abolishing serfdom and signed a special declaration on the abolition of serfdom. The decree stipulates that farmers have personal freedom, and local governments are not allowed to buy, sell or exchange serfs; when serfs gain personal freedom, they can obtain a share of land from the landlord on the condition of paying a large amount of ransom. However, this is a top-down reform that is not thorough. It still protects the interests of landlords and retains the remnants of serfdom. Ransom is a cruel plunder of serfs. So the peasant uprising continued one after another. 1861-1863 In 2000, there were more than 2,000 peasant uprisings. However, the abolition of serfdom provided the necessary labor, market and capital for the development of Russian capitalism and was a big step forward in the transformation of feudal monarchy to bourgeois monarchy. After the liberation of serfs in 1861, people cheered Tsar Alexander II