Fyodor III (1661 - 1682, reigned 1676 - 1682), who became Tsar of Russia after the death of his father, was the son of Tsar Alexei Mihajlovic and Maria Miroslavskaya.

When Fyodor III ascended the throne at a young age, the government was controlled by the Nareshkin family. This period pursued reforms and enhancements in the military and taxation, which intensified the struggle for political leadership. A census was conducted in 1678, and a household registration tax was imposed the following year. The system of nobility holding senior official positions according to their family origin was abolished in 1682. Diplomatically, the conflict with Sweden intensified, and the war with Turkey from 1676 to 1681 ended with Turkey's recognition of the merger of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia.