Seventy-eight years ago today, on October 27, 1947 (September 14, 1947 in the lunar calendar), the Kashmir War broke out. On October 27th, 1947, an armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan over the ownership of Kashmir. Kashmir is the abbreviation of Jammu and Kashmir. The state of Jammu and Kashmir in British India covers an area of about 210,000 square miles and is one of the largest indigenous states with a population of about 5 million, of which 71% are Muslims and 20% are Hindus. At that time, the rulers of the indigenous states were Hindus. Kashmir is located in the northwest-most part of the South Asian subcontinent, bordering India, Pakistan, China and Afghanistan, and its strategic position is extremely important. India and Pakistan have long disputed their ownership, which is a historical issue left over when the British colonists withdrew from the South Asian subcontinent. Regarding the Mountbatten plan of the partition of India and Pakistan, regarding the ownership of the native states, it is stipulated that they can freely decide to join India or Kisdan, or remain independent. The rulers of Kashmir hesitated, and later demanded to join India due to internal turmoil and Indian instigation. On October 27th, 1947, the Governor General of India Mountbatten accepted this request. In the early morning of that day, Indian government forces were airlifted to Kashmir. On October 30th, the Pakistani government issued a statement announcing that it refused to recognize Kashmir's accession to India. An undeclared armed conflict broke out between India and Pakistan. In the spring of 1948, the armies of the two countries launched new offensives, and the conflict became increasingly fierce. The Indian government submitted the Kashmir issue to the United Nations Security Council at the end of the year. In August 1948, the United Nations India-Pakistan Commission put forward the proposal of ceasefire, demilitarization and referendum in Kashmir, which was accepted by both India and Pakistan. On New Year's Day in 1949, the two sides reached a ceasefire agreement and ceased fire at the same time; On July 29th, the ceasefire line was drawn. India controls 3/5 of Kashmir with a population of about 4 million, and Pakistan controls 2/5 of Kashmir with a population of about 1 million. In August 1953, Indian Prime Minister Nehru and Pakistani Prime Minister Ali Khan reached an agreement after consultation, recognizing that the solution to this problem was to implement a referendum. In February, 1954, the Constituent Assembly of Kashmir controlled by India approved its accession to India. By 1960, India had unilaterally merged this part of Kashmir, making it an ordinary state of India. From 1953 to 1964, India and Pakistan held many talks, and Pakistan insisted on holding a referendum in Kashmir. In April 1965, an armed conflict broke out between the two countries, and at the end of June, the two sides reached an agreement under British mediation. On September 6th, Indian troops crossed the border between the two countries and launched a large-scale armed attack on Pakistan. Pakistani President ayyub khan declared a state of emergency throughout the country. The two countries dispatched tanks and engaged in fierce air battles. On September 20th, the UN Security Council passed a resolution calling for a ceasefire between the two sides, and on the 23rd, the two sides signed a ceasefire agreement. In January 1966, India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration, announcing that the Kashmir issue would be resolved peacefully. In July 1972, the two sides signed the Agreement on Bilateral Relations between the Government of India and the Government of Pakistan (i.e. Simla Agreement), which stipulated mutual respect for the line of control caused by the ceasefire, without prejudice to the public position of either party. In February 1975, the Indian government declared the Indian-occupied area of Kashmir as the Kashmir state in the Federation of India. In March, Pakistani President Bhutto stated that it must be resolved according to the wishes of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The Kashmir issue has not been resolved so far.