On this day, 959 years ago, on September 29, 1066 (September 8, 1066 in the lunar calendar), William, Duke of Normandy, landed in England. The unified English Kingdom was formed in the early 9th century and developed from a small country established on the British Island by Anglo-Saxon tribes among the people of Jer County. King Edward died in early 1066. Viqian, Duke of Normandy, France, claimed to succeed to the British throne based on his kinship. But according to Anglo-Saxon law, the Englishman Harold became King by the decision of the Council of Lords. As a result, William, with the support of the Pope, attacked Britain, and on September 29 William's troops landed in southern England. The poorly equipped British troops rushed to the battle. On October 14, the British army was defeated at the Battle of Hastings, and Harold was killed. Wellcome ascended the throne in London as William I. William became Queen of England (reigned from 1066 to 1087), accelerating the establishment of the feudal manor system that had gradually developed since then. The feudal manor system in England was finally established in the first half of the 12th century. Duke William was known as William of Normandy, William of England, William the Conqueror, William the Bastard, Guillaume Normandie, Duke of Normandy, France. The first Norman king of England. Born in 1028, he succeeded his father's duke at the age of 8, was knighted at the age of 15, and began to govern the territory. Between 1046 and 1055, aristocratic rebellions were quelled many times. 1054-1060 An alliance between King Henry and Matt of Anjou during the year. Mann was conquered in 1063. In 1066, he fought against England and led troops across the sea in September of the same year, first capturing the towns of Pevency and Hastings. In October, the resistance of King Harold of England was defeated. At Christmas, William was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. In order to ensure the stability of the border, William invaded Scotland in 1072 and Wales in 1081, and established special settlements on the border. He lived in Normandy for more than the last 15 years of his life, appointed his old friend Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury, and handed over English government affairs to the bishop. For five or seven years, he never visited England at all. He died in Normandy in 1087. William I (1027-1087), the first king of the Norman Dynasty in England (reigned 1066-1087), nicknamed "William the Conqueror" William I, the King of England, was famous in the world as the "Conqueror". In fact, he only did one big thing in his life. This event was later called the Norman Conqueror. His motivation may only come from his own ambition, but it had an important impact on the historical process of Britain and even the world. William the Conqueror was severe, cruel, and energetic. There are two factors that have played a role in William's character and his influence on history that cannot be ignored. One is his illegitimate status. He was the son of his father, Robert, nicknamed "Devil", and Arlette, a peasant girl whom he abducted, but he was the only son. Robert struggled to persuade the Normandy aristocrats before establishing William's inheritance. In 1035, 8-year-old William succeeded to the throne. His illegitimate status caused him to experience more ridicule, discrimination and challenges than others. His three guardians and teachers were killed one after another. This created William's cold and suspicious character in the future. Another factor is the Normandy tradition. The Duchy of Normandy was a product of the French king's helplessness and granted it to the invading Normans. It was established in 841. The duchy has centralized rule, a relatively fixed military force, relatively fixed fiscal revenue, and the inherent Normans 'tradition of martial arts and being good at sailing. These factors helped William's conquest and influenced a series of institutions he later established in England. The young William I had already shown his intelligence. He first defeated the opposition within the duchy at the Battle of Valetouni with the support of the French King, consolidating his position, and then took advantage of the internal conflicts between the southern states of Manembo and the Duchy of Brittany to annex them. At this time, William began to direct his ambitions to England across the sea. At that time, King Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) of England was William's cousin and had no children. It is said that when William visited Britain in 1051, he had promised William to succeed to his throne. When Harold, the brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor and another strong contender for the throne, was trapped in the Duchy of Normandy, he also recognized William's inheritance to the English throne. But when Edward the Confessor died in 1066, on Edward's recommendation, the Council of the Wizans of England elected Harold as king. William was furious when he heard this, so he decided to launch his conquest. When William prepared the personnel and supplies for the cross-sea battle, everything was ready except for the southwest wind, but he could not wait for it, and it was delayed for more than 40 days. Later history proved that it was these more than 40 days of waiting that changed the balance of power and tilted the balance of victory and defeat in William's favor. At that time, another challenger to the English throne-Harald III of Norway, a descendant of Canute the Great, was the first to land in northern England. Harold, who was waiting for William on the southern coast, was forced to send his troops north to fight. When William's army, hoping for a southwest wind, landed in southern England on September 28, they encountered Harold's army, which had just defeated the king of Norway, and was exhausted and severely depleted. On October 14, at the famous Battle of Hastings, Harold and his two younger brothers died in the battle, and William won a complete victory. William immediately led his army to press on to London, so he was crowned King of England on Christmas 1999 and began the rule of the Norman Dynasty (1066-1135). As a foreign regime, William encountered strong resistance from the English in the early days. While William brutally suppressed resistance in various places, he also eliminated local forces in various places, preparing him for centralized rule. By 1171, resistance in various places had basically subsided. William ordered the confiscation of the lands of the English aristocrats, leaving one-seventh of them to himself, and the rest to the Norman aristocrats who followed him. He also reorganized England's central administrative and judicial institutions based on the system of the Duchy of Normandy. At the same time, he resisted pressure from the Pope and stubbornly retained the right to appoint the bishops of England. England formed the most powerful kingship among Western European countries at that time. William's most influential actions in England's internal affairs were the two things he completed two years before his death. One was the "Salisbury Oath" of 1086, in which William required all feudal lords at all levels to surrender to himself, establishing the principle that "my vassals are still my vassals"; the other was the "Doomsday Book". In order to grasp the country's land, property and income situation, provide a basis for collecting taxes, and ensure royal income, he sent people to various parts of the country to conduct inspections. Because the investigators he sent were all ferocious and the investigation content was extremely detailed, making the people under investigation feel like walking on thin ice, as if they were receiving the doomsday judgment of God's messenger, the investigation result was called the "Doomsday Book", and its official name should be "Land Taxation Survey" or "The Book of Winchester." This large-scale "house-scraping movement" was extremely rare in medieval Europe. In 1087, due to a territorial dispute with King Philip I, William joined the battle with France and captured the fortress of Mount near Paris. Seeing that victory was imminent, William, the hero, died unexpectedly. Otherwise, his influence on history would have been even greater. But this war kicked off the curtain of hundreds of years of strife between Britain and France. The conquest of William the Conqueror had the greatest impact on history was that it once again involved Britain in the complex relations in the central region of Europe since the Roman Empire (the people who conquered Britain were just Normans whose civilization was even more backward than the United Kingdom). Since the British king owned territory in France, the royal families of Britain and France became a pair of constant and chaotic enemies. The exchanges and collision between China and China for hundreds of years became one of the themes of political life in Western Europe. This conquest changed the course of England's history. Even the English language was changed, and a large number of new words were added to it. He brought many new things into this island, such as the jury system, which later originated from the establishment of British law. William I brought the traditional centralized rule and military establishment of Normandy to Britain, which was a major turning point in British history. Before that, Britain had always been the target of invasion and conquest. From then on, Britain turned defense into attack. Later wars were mainly fought only in other people's lands, although these two traditions gradually faded in Britain's subsequent development. Comment: England has been attacked and harassed by Normans from northern Europe for hundreds of years, but it was Normans from France on the other side that conquered the island country. The Norman Conquest seemed to be an accidental historical event, but in fact it occurred as a result of the historical trend at that time, that is, Great Britain was inevitably becoming increasingly connected with the European continent, and could only be fully integrated into the European political system.