On this day, 860 years ago, on August 21, 1165 (July 13, 1165, lunar calendar), King Philip II of France was born. (French: Philippe II Auguste, August 21, 1165-July 14, 1223) King of the Capetian Dynasty of France (reigned 1180 - 1223). 1. Early deeds Philip II was crowned in Reims. Philip II was the son of King Louis VII of France. His mother was Adele of Champagne and was born in Paris. Due to poor health, his father crowned 14-year-old Philip in Reims in 1179. On April 28, 1180, Philip married Isabella of Arenault, daughter of the Count of Arenault, which allowed Atois to be incorporated into the French royal domain as a dowry. After Louis VII died on September 18, 1180, Philip II, aged 15, became the only king of France. His uncles, Henry I, Count of Champagne, Guillaume de Blois, Archbishop of Reims, and Thibaugh V, Count of Chartres, were declared regents of France. 2. His rule Philip II was the first powerful monarch of the Capetian Dynasty. In the early days of his administration, he first tried to get rid of the shackles of regent. After several years of hard work, Philip reached an agreement with Philip in 1185, resolving the territorial dispute between the two sides. Philip II pursued a clear policy of centralization of the state and sought to restrain the powerful princes who paralyzed the French monarchy. Through four large-scale mergers of territories, Philip II actually became the largest feudal lord in France. The greatest expansion of the royal realm came from Philip II's struggle with the Plantagenet kings of England. Philip II was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade from 1189 to 1192. Two other important monarchs in Europe, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I and British King Richard I, also participated in the Crusade. On October 13, 1206, Philip II and John signed a peace treaty at Touar. The peace treaty was overwhelmingly beneficial to the French royal family: John was forced to relinquish all of the original Plantagenet territories north of Royal, including Normandy, Aquitaine, Anjou, and Touraine. According to the treaty, John was supposed to keep Poitou; but Philip invaded the area again in 1207. John hoped to regain his lost territory and formed an alliance with another important monarch on the European continent, Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, to attack Philip II's France from the east and west. He had made an alliance with the wrong person; Otto IV was himself isolated by Innocent III, the most powerful Pope in papal history. In February 1214, John finally landed at La Rochelle and soon entered Anjou. On July 21, 1214, Philip II led the French army and the allied forces of John and Otto IV to fight a decisive battle at the Battle of Bouvin. The French army won a decisive victory in the battle. The Battle of Bouven is of historical significance. Not only was it the first fatal battle in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, it also marked France's replacement of Germany as the most important country on the European continent. Germany continued to weaken and divide in subsequent history, while France became the number one power in Western Europe after the Hundred Years War. Although Philip II always maintained a good relationship with the Church, he was never controlled by them. He turned a deaf ear to the Pope's demands to eradicate heresy in the area of Linguedoc. He also refused to launch a crusade for Innocent III against the Albian heresy. Philip II died in Mount on July 14, 1223, and his body was buried in the Abbey of Saint-Denis. Philip II was the first Capetian king who did not crown the crown prince early before his lifetime. Because at this time, the French royal family was so powerful that it no longer needed to use this method to ensure the throne. 3. Construction in Paris During the rule of Philip II, solid walls were built around the city of Paris. Around 1200, Philip II built a square castle at the western end of the island of Ciudad Centrale in Paris; this castle later became the predecessor of the Louvre Museum. In the same year, Philip II officially approved the establishment of the University of Paris. Since then, many schools have been established, including the Sorbonne, the predecessor of the modern University of Paris (1257, during the rule of Louis IX). Comments: Philip II established France's status as a powerful country in Europe and is worthy of being an emperor of a generation.