On this day, 144 years ago, on July 29, 1881 (July 4, 1881 in the lunar calendar), France promulgated the Freedom of Press Law. Before the 18th century, France was a centralized feudal rule society that established printing franchises and feudal censorship to restrict press freedom. To this end, political opponents often publish newspapers abroad and secretly send them back to France for sale. During the Enlightenment, Enlightenment thinkers published many works, which directly promoted people's struggle for freedom of speech and publication. After the bourgeois revolution, the third estate in France proposed press freedom, and Mirabeau called for "permanent, inviolable and unrestricted freedom" to be given to newspapers and periodicals. The Declaration of Human Rights became the first official document in human history that clearly stipulated freedom of publication. After the 18th century, France entered a century-old struggle for press freedom. 1789-1799 During the First Republic of France in 1989, newspapers and periodicals of all factions were initially allowed to publish freely. In August 1791, the Constitutional Convention passed the Press Accountability Act, which stipulated the abuse of press freedom. At this point, the law on press freedom was relatively complete, but it was quickly broken by frequent regime changes. First, the Girondins came to power and the royalist newspapers were banned. In 1793, the Jacobins began to implement a reign of terror. In August, the Guardians 'Decree was promulgated, and private newspapers were either closed or became their mouthpieces. The Thermidor ended their rule of terror in 1794, but they still implemented high-pressure policies on press freedom in order to suppress the opposition. The famous newspaper during this period was the "Debate Daily". During the First French Empire, Napoleon came to power, banned more than 60 newspapers and periodicals, and re-established the publishing license system. The freedom of press and publication before the Great Revolution was legally denied. As he said,"The Revolution newspaper is over. There can only be a unique party in France. I will never allow newspapers to say or do anything detrimental to the national interest." In 1805, press censors were established in the newsrooms of various newspapers and periodicals. Later, it was stipulated that only one newspaper was allowed to be published in each province. By 1811, only four newspapers remained and were state-owned. Louis XVIII promised to respect the freedom of the press. In October 1814, under the pretext of rectifying press freedom, the publishing licensing system and stamp duty system were maintained. In 1815, during the day of Napoleon's restoration, press and publishing were once completely free. In 1819, Serre, Minister of Justice, attempted to enact a press law for the first time in French press history, abolishing the pre-trial system and submitting newspaper cases to jury trials, but it was quickly cancelled. In 1830, the Duke of Poliniak abolished the distribution rights of all newspapers and introduced a censorship system. This triggered a revolution. The representative newspaper during this period was Le Française. In the middle and late 19th century, the era of cheap commercial newspapers entered. Due to historical reasons, the July Dynasty was forced to announce the abolition of all censorship, reduce the publication deposit, and gain relative freedom of publication. After the attempt to assassinate the king in 1835, the authorities once again tightened control of newspapers and periodicals and increased the deposit. 1848--1851 In 1989, the Second Republic of France abolished stamp duties and deposits, and newspapers enjoyed unrestricted freedom. After June 7, deposits and stamp duties were restored. In 1848, the Constitution nominally stipulated the people's freedom of publication. During the Second Empire, the rulers considered news crimes to be criminal crimes, and in 1852, censorship of news was completely restored and an official announcement was issued. After the empire weakened, the newspaper industry's living environment improved. During this period, party newspapers and business newspapers co-developed. The famous newspaper is Le Figaro. In 1870, when the Third Republic entered, freedom of the press and publication was immediately restored. Many newspapers and periodicals were published and expressed freely. After the Armistice between France and France, a bourgeois regime was established and six newspapers were seized. Subsequently, the Paris Commune and the Hill Regime in Versailles were born in Paris. In May 1877, McMahon appointed the royalist Duke of Browley to form a cabinet. Bloux carried out an unprecedented suppression of Republican newspapers. This was the last attempt by the government to control newspapers in the history of France and New Zealand. In 1879, the Republicans came to power and enacted the Press Law. On July 29, 1881, the Parliament passed the "Press Freedom Law", marking that the French press and communication industry had entered a relatively stable period of development. It was a comprehensive summary of the development of press and publication freedom after the French Revolution. It is the result of the long-term struggle of the French press for press and publication freedom. It can be seen that after years of efforts to improve and strive for press freedom, the French press and communication industry has been formed. It is characterized by a wave of changes in the sense of freedom with the change of regime. It is a political development history.