On this day 420 years ago, on October 27th, 1605 (September 16th, 1605 in the lunar calendar), Akbar the Great, the Mughal emperor of India, died. Akbar the Great (full name Geral-Din Muhammad Akbar, October 15, 1542-October 27, 1605), Mughal emperor of India (reigned from 1556 to 1605), was considered the true founder and greatest emperor of the Mughal Empire. No one is allowed to interfere with religious beliefs... If people want to build chapels, prayer rooms, idol temples and fire-worshipping temples, they must not interfere-the Mughal dynasty of Akbar the Great was the last dynasty in India, and its historical significance was greater than its predecessors, the Maurya dynasty and the Gupta dynasty, which unified North India. Mughal Dynasty is the first unified dynasty in India based on national reconciliation and religious tolerance. Its spirit of governing the country and territory map still have a great influence on India today. Akbar the Great, who laid all this, ranks second only to Ashoka among Indian emperors in this list. Akbar has a bloodline worth showing off. He is a direct descendant of Timur, and his mother is from Genghis Khan. His grandfather, Babur, was originally a small lord in Central Asia. Based in Kabul, he began the process of conquering India. After a series of incredible victories with less, his territory has extended to the Ganges Delta. But by the time of Akbar's father Humayun, he was defeated by a new force rising in Afghanistan and forced into exile in Persia. Akbar was born in the days of his father's exile in Persia. Perhaps this reason led to his failure to receive a good education and was almost illiterate, but he gained knowledge and information through books read to him by others, and still became a learned emperor. The experience of growing up in Persia made him a Shia believer in Islam, but his faith was not stable. When Akbar was 12 years old, he returned to India with his father. Humayun returned to India to restore the country with the support of the Persian Safavid dynasty. He gradually suppressed the chaotic factions in India and captured Delhi. But in a good situation, Humayun fell from a building and died in an accident. The changes of history finally pushed the teenager Akbar to the front desk. Four years after Akbar's succession to the throne, Bailam assisted the administration. Bailam severely damaged the Afghans in the Battle of Panipat, and finally lifted the threat from the northwestern highlands. In 1560, Akbar took office. At this time, India was still in chaos. Although he occupied the center of India, there were still many maharajas who were stronger than him around him. But the blood handed down to him by his ancestors rushed with various elements of a conqueror, including ambition, confidence, strength, sense of honor and talent, which made him unimpeded on the road to conquering India. His conquest was roughly divided into three stages, from 1560 to 1576, which unified all parts of North India, including Malwa, Rajput, Gujarat, Bengal and other places; From 1576 to 1595, he pointed the finger at the northwest, captured Afghanistan, the land of his ancestor Longxing, and annexed Sindh and Kashmir, which had been separated from India for many years; From 1591, the war to conquer the southern tip of the Indian peninsula was launched, which continued to his children and grandchildren. A vast empire was established, and these martial arts skills were enough to make Akbar one of the great emperors in Indian history. Every great emperor in Indian history has made religious achievements, and Akbar is famous for promoting religious tolerance. Akbar was a Muslim all his life, and India has always been dominated by Hindus. At the age of 22, Akbar married the Hindu princess of Rajput. This marriage religious alliance gave Akbar great support and helped him conquer India. As a result, Akbar became fond of Hinduism. In the field he ruled, he abolished the pilgrims tax for Hindus to worship in holy places, and then abolished the poll tax for Hindus (the poll tax on non-Muslims has always been the tradition of Muslim regimes). The exemption of these two taxes reduced the revenue of the national treasury by a large amount, but made his regime truly rooted in India. There were many non-Muslims in Akbar's government, including Man Singh, the nephew of his Hindu concubine, and Todar Marr, a middle-class Hindu who was an excellent economist. Akbar's harem is also a model of religious tolerance. He married thirty women from different sects as his concubines. His religious discussion chamber, which at first only accommodated Islamists, later allowed scholars of Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism to enter. The essence of the five major religions gathered together to debate religion, life, salvation, detachment and eternal truth. It was really a rare event in the ages. Only the tolerant Akbar the Great could build such a wide hall. Akbar even produced a plan to combine the five major religions into one, which of course is impossible to achieve. Akbar has done a lot in internal affairs, not just religion. He strengthened the centralization of power and deified the monarch, whose personal power exceeded that of previous Indian monarchs. Of course, there are still many local maharajas in remote areas, recognizing his suzerainty and paying tribute, but retaining a considerable degree of autonomy, which is an unchanging feature of Indian politics. Akbar made the military fiefdom, which prevailed in the Middle East, take root in India. Local officials at all levels were mostly awarded military ranks, and nobles at all levels became feudal lords who received state fiefs. The price of receiving these fiefs was to provide the state with a corresponding amount of cavalry. He redefined the national tax districts, improved the tax system, unified the national weights and measures, and encouraged the development of industry and commerce. Akbar's era was the golden age of Mughal dynasty. His two successors, Jahanji and Shaka Khan, maintained the strong prosperity of the empire. However, the extreme religious policies and expansion spirit of Aurangzeb's era (1658-1707) damaged the foundation of the empire, and finally turned from prosperity to decline. This dynasty extended until 1857, when it perished under the blow of the empire that the sun never sets. Akbar left a notoriety for allowing soldiers to massacre 30,000 people in the war against Mewar. But many of his decrees have the brilliance of benevolence. He abolished the custom of selling prisoners of war into slavery. He was very disgusted with the bad Hindu practice of forcing widows to burn themselves and send commissioners to various places to ban this crime. In the era of Akbar the Great, the pioneers of western European powers had begun to gain a foothold in the ancient land of the South Asian subcontinent, but they had not yet penetrated into India's terminal state, and the process of India's own historical development had not been interrupted. As the emperor who established the modern territory of India, Akbar ranks 23rd in this list. Comment on Akbar's childhood exile and displacement, which made him form a pragmatic style, which could accommodate people with different political views and beliefs to serve himself; Akbar's lack of systematic education in his childhood enabled him to accept various religious ideas with an open mind and remain neutral among them. These were all factors that cultivated his religious tolerance and other correct policies conducive to the long-term peace and stability of the Mughal dynasty. The original disadvantage has become an advantage in Akbar the Great, which is indeed a thought-provoking phenomenon.