On this day, 227 years ago, on June 5, 1798 (April 21, 1798 in the lunar calendar), Wang Cong 'er, the female leader of the White Lotus Religion Uprising Army in Sichuan and Chu, passed away. Wang Cong 'er (June 5, 1777-1798 (April 21st of the lunar month) was born in Xiangyang, Hubei (now Xiangfan, Hubei) and a Jianghu artist. After participating in the White Lotus Uprising, she served as the commander-in-chief of the Rebel Army, which is also the commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Rebel Army. She was a beautiful heroine with noble virtue, high martial arts skills, and courage and resourcefulness. When He Shen came to power, the Qing Dynasty was very corrupt, local officials were rampant in corruption, and the people were full of complaints. At that time, White Lotus Religion became popular again in Hubei and Henan. There was an Anhui native, Liu Song, who went to Henan to preach. He took advantage of the opportunity to treat the people to persuade people to join the religion. Later, he was discovered by the government and exiled to Gansu. Liu Song's apprentice Liu Zhixie and Song Zhiqing fled to Hubei to continue preaching. They advertised that the Qing Dynasty was about to end, and a new world would emerge in the future, where all those who joined the religion would be allocated land. The local poor farmers were fed up with the exploitation of the landlords and longed for land. After listening to this propaganda, they joined the White Lotus Religion one after another. The news that more and more people were participating in the White Lotus Religion alarmed Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Qianlong ordered the palaces of all provinces to arrest believers. Some officials were originally veterans of extortion, so they took the opportunity to send officers and inquire door-to-door. Regardless of whether you were a Christian or not, they had to take out a sum of money to "honor" them. The rich paid for their lives, while the poor who had no money were caught and tortured in prison, and even killed. There was an official in Wuchang who couldn't extort money from the people. He concocted charges and thousands of people were implicated. Whether believers or non-believers, their families were persecuted and their families were destroyed, and they hated the government even more. Liu Zhixie, the leader of the White Lotus Religion, went to Xiangyang and convened a meeting of believers to discuss it. Everyone said: "In this world, officials are really forcing the people to revolt! It's better to just rebel." After some discussion, it was decided to use the slogan of "officials force people to revolt" to launch a mass uprising, and sent followers to various places to make contact. In 1796 AD, the year when Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne, Bailian believers held uprisings in Yidu, Zhijiang and other places in Hubei. There was a leader of the White Lotus Religion in Xiangyang, Qi Lin, who was scheduled to rise during the Lantern Festival. Unexpectedly, news leaked and was attacked by the government. Qi Lin and more than a hundred companions were killed. Qi Lin has a young wife named Wang Cong 'er. She used to be a woman performing martial arts since she was a child. Determined to avenge her husband and her companions in the uprising, she and Qi Lin's apprentice Yao Zhifu reorganized the uprising team. Within a month, she organized an uprising army of 40,000 to 50,000 people. Wang Conger and other leaders led teams to crack down on officials everywhere and punish corrupt officials. When Wang Cong 'er revolted in Hubei, Bailian believers in Sichuan and Shaanxi also responded. The flames of the uprising spread across vast areas of the three provinces, and some poor people and refugees joined the uprising. When Emperor Jiaqing saw that the uprising army was getting stronger and stronger, he panicked and quickly ordered governors, governors, generals, commanders and other officials of various sizes to send a large number of troops to suppress it. However, those high officials and generals only know how to embezzle military pay and do not know how to fight. Wang Cong 'er divided his troops into three routes and fought from Hubei to Henan. The rebels fought not only bravely, but also flexibly. When they were marching, they did not consolidate their ranks, did not face the government troops head-on when they saw them, and did not take flat roads. Instead, they chose mountain paths and looked for opportunities to attack the government troops. They also divided their soldiers into many small teams, hundreds of people in each team, with some divided and some combined, suddenly south and north, making the government troops who surrounded them dizzy and exhausted. Wang Cong 'er's insurrectionary troops fought mobile in Hubei, Henan, and Shaanxi, attacking government troops. The following year, he joined forces with the rebels there. When Emperor Jiaqing saw that the government army had failed to encircle and suppress, his eyes turned red with anger. He scolded Wang Cong 'er as the chief culprit. He issued another edict and severely reprimanded some generals who led the troops. Some were dismissed, others were punished, and some were punished. He also strictly urged generals from all over the country to concentrate their forces to encircle and suppress Wang Cong' er's uprising. Ming Liang, the general of the Qing army, presented a vicious plan to Emperor Jiaqing, asking landlords in various places to organize armed militia groups and build bunkers. As soon as the rebels arrived, they drove the people to the bunker, preventing the rebels from finding help from the masses or getting food and grass supplies. This practice is called "strengthening the wall and clearing the field". Emperor Jiaqing ordered all localities to adopt this strategy, and the activities of the rebels became increasingly difficult. The Qing army besieged Wang Cong 'er in northern Sichuan. Wang Cong 'er got rid of the siege of the Qing army and personally led 20,000 troops to attack Xi'an. Unexpectedly, he was blocked by the government troops in Xi'an and was defeated. When he returned to Hubei, Ming Liang led the government troops to pursue closely. There were government troops behind the uprising army, and the landlords 'armed militia group in front of it, and finally fell into the enemy's encirclement at the Sancha River in Yunxi (in present-day Hubei Province, Yunyinyún). Wang Cong 'er was fearless in the face of danger and commanded the rebels to retreat into the forest of Maoshan, preparing to organize a breakout. When the government troops discovered it, they surrounded Maoshan again, and crowded in from the front and behind the mountains. After tenacious resistance, the rebels finally failed. Seeing that they could not break through, Wang Cong 'er and Yao Zhifu retreated to the top of the mountain, jumped off the steep cliff, and died heroically. After the death of the heroine Wang Cong 'er, the uprising troops in various places continued to fight against the government. It took the Qing Dynasty nine years to suppress this uprising. However, after this severe blow, the Qing Dynasty never recovered. After the death of Emperor Jiaqing, his son Min mín ascended the throne, who was Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty, also known as Emperor Daoguang. After Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, the Qing Dynasty became increasingly declining. Western capitalist countries took the opportunity to intensify aggression, and the national crisis became increasingly serious. In 1840 AD, the twentieth year after Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, the Opium War broke out. Since then, China has gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. In order to oppose capital-imperialist aggression and feudal rule, the heroic China people have launched an indomitable and arduous struggle. China's history has entered a new period-the period of modern history. Sichuan and Chu Bai Lianjiao Uprising The peasant uprising in the early years of Jiaqing Qing Dynasty. Most of the earliest participants were White Lotus believers. It broke out in the border areas of Sichuan, Chu and Shaanxi, and later spread to Sichuan, Chu, Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu and other provinces. It lasted for nine years. It was the largest peasant war in the early Qing Dynasty. The border area of the three provinces of Sichuan, Chu and Shaanxi is a primeval forest area that has always been a gathering place for refugees forced to leave the land. In the 37th and 38th years of Qianlong (1772 and 1773), hundreds of thousands of hungry people from Sichuan and Chu provinces came here to find food. Including refugees from Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi and other provinces, the total number is no less than one million. The soil is poor and the climate is harsh. In addition to renting the land in sheds, the refugees also need to be employed in wooden box factories, iron mills, and paper mills to earn meager wages in order to survive. They were not only exploited by landlords and factory owners, but also extorted by corvee and shysters. Their lives were extremely difficult. Desperate refugees became the target of the spread of White Lotus Religion. The White Lotus Religion was the main secret religion during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It worshipped the "Alive Mother" and the "Maitreya Buddha". It used the eight-character formula of "vacuum hometown, Alive Mother" to give people a certain spiritual sustenance. It was very attractive to refugees who were trying to escape the present world in dire straits, and its followers became increasingly popular. In the late Qianlong period, various social contradictions intensified. Bureaucrats, landlords, and wealthy businessmen annexed land vigorously. The rapid increase in population and insufficient arable land have led to a sharp rise in food prices and an increasing number of hungry people. Coupled with the luxurious life of the feudal ruling class, rampant corrupt officials, and increasing dissatisfaction and resistance among people, the propaganda of the White Lotus Church also increased the content of resisting reality. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, Fan Mingde, the leader of the cult, proposed to believers in Henan that it had reached the "end of the disaster" and that "the world and the world would be changed." Later, when Liu Song, Liu Zhixie, Song Zhiqing, etc. were preaching in Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui and other places, they proposed that "the reincarnation of Maitreya should assist Niu Ba"(Niu Ba is the Zhu character written in an allusion to descendants of the Ming Dynasty), claiming that "Huang Tian will die, and the sky will be born." By joining their religion, they can avoid all disasters of fire, fire, sword and war. After entering the sect,"all the wealth gained in the sect will be divided equally." Those who practice teaching will "wear clothes and eat without dividing us","save us in case of trouble, and die in case of trouble. You can travel around the world without holding a penny" and so on. This kind of propaganda not only meets the requirements of small producers for equality, equality and mutual assistance, but also satisfies their desire to resist and survive. Therefore, by the end of Qianlong, the White Lotus Sect had developed into a powerful force and was planning to hold an armed uprising. In the 60th year of Qianlong, the White Lotus Religion in various parts of Hubei Province was led by secret merchants on the "Chen Year, Chen Moon, Chen Day"(the 10th day of the third month of the first year of Jiaqing), allowing believers to prepare knives and gunpowder. The rapid development of the White Lotus Religion and its anti-Qing content caused serious unrest among the Qing government, so it ordered a large-scale arrest of the White Lotus Cult. A large number of religious leaders and believers were arrested and killed, while local officials resorted to extortion in the name of Chana's cult. "Whether you practice teaching or not, you pay money or not.""If you fail to do what you want, you will accuse you of being a cult." Religious leaders in various places then used the slogan of "officials force people to revolt" and called on believers to rise up and resist. On the seventh day of the first month of the first year of Jiaqing (February 15, 1796), leaders of Yidu and Zhijiang areas in Hubei Province, Zhang Zhengmo and Nie Jieren were forced to express their righteousness in advance due to urgent government investigations. Believers in Changyang, Laifeng, Dangyang, Zhushan and other counties rose one after another. On the tenth day of March, the believers in Xiangyang area, led by Wang Conger and Yao Zhifu, revolted according to the scheduled date. Each insurgent army, do not belong to each other, fight for themselves, according to the stronghold or county, more than one by the Qing army defeated. Only Xiangyang Rebellion adopted the strategy of mobile warfare, and its strength grew rapidly, becoming the main force of Hubei Rebellion. Under the influence of Hubei White Lotus Religion uprising, White Lotus believers all over Sichuan also responded one after another. In September, Xu Tiande, the chief priest of Dazhou, and Sanhuai and Leng Tianlu, the chief priest of Dongxiang (now Xuanhan, Sichuan), all led their people to revolt. At the beginning of the second year, the Xiangyang Uprising Army began large-scale mobile operations again, fighting in Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, and Shaanxi, and later divided into three groups into Sichuan. The Qing army only followed behind, exhausted from running. In July, the Sichuan Rebellion Army was besieged by the Qing army. The Xiangyang Rebellion Army rushed to relieve the siege and joined forces with the Sichuan Rebellion Army in Dongxiang. Each insurrectionary army was divided into green, yellow, blue and white branches, and the positions of shopkeeper, marshal, vanguard, commander, etc. were established. However, the inherent decentralization and conservatism of small producers prevented the rebels from truly uniting. Each unit still fought separately and acted in a decentralized manner. In March of the third year, the Xiangyang Uprising Army was surrounded by the Qing army in Yunxi, Hubei Province. Their leaders Wang Cong 'er and Yao Zhifu jumped off a cliff and died, but the rest of the troops continued to fight. The Sichuan Rebellion Army also suffered heavy losses. However, before March of the fifth year of Jiaqing, the uprising army was in a stage of development and growth. Due to the support of people from all over the country, the uprising army "had houses to settle in, food, clothing, gunpowder to provide aid, mules, horses, grass and grass to seize and replace horses" wherever they went. In addition, believers from all over the country "provided guidance and transportation." They severely damaged the Qing army many times. After the Battle of Horseshigang in Jiangyou, Sichuan in April of the fifth year of Jiaqing, the uprising began to turn to a low tide. The number dropped from hundreds of thousands to tens of thousands, and many important generals died one after another. The Qing government's policies of "strengthening the walls and clearing the fields" and "uniting the villages and fortresses" have gradually been promoted and played a role. By building stockpiled fortresses and consolidating villages, the people moved into them, replenishing them with food and fodder for the people, and training Ding Zhuang people to defend, thus cutting off the connection between the rebels and the people, making them unable to receive supplements from food, grass and military sources. Their strength was gradually exhausted. In the second half of the sixth year of Jiaqing, the activities of the uprising army were basically limited to the border areas of Sichuan, Chu and Shaanxi. They fought in the thousands of mountains and forests, and the number of people no longer exceeded 24,000. However, the number of Qing troops besieged and suppressed was ten times that. The uprising army persisted in fighting under extremely difficult conditions, and in September of the ninth year, the uprising finally failed. In the battle that lasted more than nine years, the White Lianjiao Uprising Army occupied or broke through 204 prefectures and counties. They resisted a large number of troops recruited by the Qing government from 16 provinces, wiped out a large number of Qing troops, and killed more than 400 generals below deputy generals, and more than 20 first-and second-rank officials such as the town. The Qing government spent 200 million taels of military expenditure, equivalent to four years of fiscal revenue. This uprising greatly damaged the Qing Dynasty, and its rule gradually declined.