542 years ago today, November 10, 1483 (October 11, 1483 in the lunar calendar), the birth of Martin Luther, the initiator of the German Religious Reform Movement. A woodcut "The Bottomless Abyss" from the first edition of the Bible translated by Luther Martin Luther was the initiator of the German Religious Reform Movement in the 16th century and the founder of the Protestant Lutheran Church. On November 10, 1483, Luther was born in a family of farming ancestors in Esselbund, Saxony, eastern Germany. The following year, the family moved to Mansfield, the then mining center. His father, Hans Luther, was a miner and started his business by renting three small cupola furnaces owned by the lord. More than ten years later, when Luther was in college, his father had already made a fortune. He set up his own melting pot employee and became a member of the village council. Under the strict religious education of his parents, he accepted traditional Christian beliefs. In 1501, Luther entered the most famous University of Erfurt in Germany at that time. This university was the center of scholastic philosophy and the main venue for humanists 'activities. In 1505, he obtained a master's degree with honors. During these four years, he had frequent interactions with humanists and read the works of classical writers such as Cicero and Virgil, which laid the foundation for his knowledge and cultivation to engage in the religious reform. In May 1505, Luther obeyed his father's orders to study law. On July 7, he suddenly renounced the world and fled to the monastery of St. Augustine in Erfurt as a monk, beginning his life as a religious activist. In 1512, Luther received a doctorate in theology. During this period, Luther studied the Bible deeply, repeatedly pondered St. Paul's doctrine, and gradually determined the religious doctrine of "justification by faith"; he believed that human salvation only relied on personal beliefs and did not require external good deeds or the authority of the church. He denied the rule of the church and the priestly class over society. These ideas reflected the desire of various European nations at that time to get rid of the religious rule of the Holy See and form an independent and unified country. In 1517, Pope Leo X issued indulgences again on the pretext of repairing St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Indulgence coupons were a means by which the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages to plunder the people and control the people of various countries. Luther expressed great indignation at this. On October 30 of that year, he posted the famous article "59 Articles on the Outline" in front of Wittenberg Cathedral, namely "The Debate on the Effectiveness of Indulgence", which ignited the bourgeoisie's demand for religious reform for the first time. The flames began his life of religious reform. In order to quell the fire, Leo X used various means at that time: inducement, intimidation, trial... in an attempt to force Luther to bow. In 1520, the Pope issued a edict condemning Luther. In 1521, the Pope ordered the German Emperor Charles V to try Luther, declaring Luther a man not protected by the law and forbidding the people to feed him, shelter him, and give him any support and help. However, Luther never gave in under such severe oppression until his death on February 18, 1546. In the eyes of Westerners in the 19th century, Luther's diagram shows farmers being tried after the uprising was suppressed