On this day, 157 years ago, August 8, 1868 (June 20, 1868 in the lunar calendar), the battle for "Chinese and dogs is not allowed to enter" in Huangpu Park. Panoramic view of the Bund Park On August 18, the second year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (September 30, 1863), the British and American Concession Bureau of Industry planned to renovate the roads and shoreline of the Bund. To this end, Clark, an engineer at the Ministry of Industry, believes that due to the special terrain of the Suzhou River Estuary, at low tide, the Suzhou River water flow and the Huangpu River water flow collide to form a whirlpool outside the estuary. However, the water flow on the south side of the estuary is relatively static, and the sediment continues to precipitate into beaches, which is not conducive to safe navigation and stabilizing the coastline. In order to improve this situation, Clark suggested building a permanent embankment on the Bund and filling the shoals south of the Suzhou River Estuary, changing the trumpet-shape of the Suzhou River Estuary to a straight tube shape, forcing the flow direction of the Suzhou River to be in line with the Huangpu River, so that no eddies will appear at the estuary and new shoals will continue to form. The board of directors of the Ministry of Industry agreed with Clark's report and planned to use the beach land at the southern end of the river mouth to build a public garden (park). This plan was approved at the annual meeting of (foreign) taxpayers held on the first day of April of the fourth year of Tongzhi (April 28, 1865). In order to fill the beach and build a garden, the Ministry of Industry asked H.S.Parkes, the British Consul in Shanghai, to come forward to negotiate with Ding Richang of Shanghai Daotai in the Qing Dynasty. On June 13, the Ministry of Industry announced that Shanghai Daotai had verbally agreed to fill the beach. On April 29, the seventh year of Tongzhi, Shanghai Daotai Ying Baoshi sent a letter to British Consul in Shanghai, C.A.Winchester, pointing out that this beach land is the public land of the China government. Given that public gardens are non-profit public recreational places, deeds are allowed and mortgage rentals (one-time price for land ownership) are exempted, but land taxes are still payable every year. In the future, if it is discovered that profit-making buildings are being built on this land or the land is leased to private individuals, the China government will take back the land. On June 20 of the same year (August 8, 1868), the park was officially opened to the public. At the beginning of its establishment, the park attracted tourists by its superior location and greening along the river on both sides. In addition to trees and flowers, there was only a small greenhouse and a doorman in the park, and there were no other garden buildings. At that time, there were some bushes in the middle, west and south of the park, and there was a road along the river. A row of trees were planted on the roadside, and wooden benches were under the trees. About the ninth year of Tongzhi, a wooden music pavilion was built on the lawn in the garden and six gas lamps were installed. In the spring of the sixth year of Guangxu, a rockery was built with cement stones at the entrance of the park. In May of the eighth year of Guangxu, the British Commercial Shanghai Electric Power Company supplied electricity to the outside world. At the end of the year, lights were installed in the music pavilion in the park. In the 14th year of Guangxu, the expatriate Wood donated money to build a water fountain in the southern part of the park. Two copper children held an umbrella in the pool, and water sprayed out from the top of the umbrella. In the spring of the 16th year of Guangxu's reign, the old music pavilion was demolished and a new music pavilion with a hexagonal steel structure was built. The base of the pavilion was made of stone, with steps on both sides, and surrounded by iron chains. In the 20th year of Guangxu, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the opening of Shanghai's port, a circular pool was built in the northern part of the park. The fountain was installed in the center of a rough stone, and a small rockery was also built in the pool. In the 31st year of Guangxu's reign, the "Changsheng Army Monument" was moved from the Bund to the southwest of the park. This monument was built in the first year of Tongzhi to curry favor with foreigners. After that, another Ma Jiali Monument was moved into the park. Ma was originally an official of the British Embassy in China. In the first year of Guangxu, he led an armed "road exploration team" from Myanmar to break into Yunnan. He refused to listen to dissuasion and was killed by the locals. British overseas Chinese in Shanghai built this monument for this purpose and was erected on the west side of the south side of the Waiferry Bridge on the sixth day of May, the sixth year of Guangxu. In the first year of Xuantong (1909), the first Mao Pavilion was built in the northern part of the park. In 11, the music pavilion was renovated and renovated, still having a steel structure, but the roof was covered with cement. In 12 years, a reinforced concrete structure pavilion was built. In the 21st year of the Republic of China, a small soil mountain was built in the western part of the park, with shrubs planted on the mountain. In the 24th year of the Republic of China, the Maoting Pavilion was demolished and a pine wooden pavilion was built in the northeast corner of the park. In the 25th year of the Republic of China, the rockery in the pool in the north of the park was demolished and converted into twelve fountains. In 26, the music pavilion was demolished, leaving only the stone platform. In the same year, a wooden pergola was built in the southern part of the garden to serve as a resting place for tourists and a temporary music pavilion. The early music pavilion park near the river scenery in the park When the Bund Park opened, the sign saying "No Chinese are allowed to enter" aroused public outrage. On June 21, 1878,"Shen Bao" took the lead in publishing the article "Please Go to the Garden Ban" to comment on this matter. On April 6, 1881, doctors Yan Yongjing and Tang Maozhi jointly wrote a letter to the Ministry of Industry Bureau to protest against the matter. In 1885, the Ministry of Industry announced the park rules and erected a sign engraved with the park rules at the entrance of the park: "First, this park is only open to foreigners;... Fourth, bicycles and dogs are not allowed to enter..." This is summarized as "Chinese and dogs are not allowed to enter." This is the origin of the folk myth that "Chinese and dogs are not allowed to enter". At that time, not only were the parks "not allowed to enter", but the toilets outside were also hung with signs saying "Chinese are not allowed to enter". Later, at the request of the Chinese, the Ministry of Industry issued "Chinese Garden Pass" at its discretion to allow a small number of high-level Chinese to enter, but the issuance procedures were very complicated. In 1927, the Ministry of Industry Bureau was intimidated by the victory of the Northern Expedition Army and the craze of Wuhan to recover the concession. It had to pass a bill to open the park at the Western People's Conference in January. Starting from July 1, 1928, China people could purchase tickets to enter the park. At this point, the era when "Chinese and dogs were not allowed to enter" came to an end. A sign engraved with garden rules is erected at the entrance of the park, indicating the origin of "Chinese and dogs are not allowed to enter". A sign engraved with garden rules is erected at the entrance of the park, indicating the origin of "Chinese and dogs are not allowed to enter". Shanghai Huangpu Park interior extended reading: Huangpu Park "Chinese and dogs are not allowed to enter" Battle Extended reading: Huangpu Park "Chinese and dogs are not allowed to enter" Battle On April 5, 1881, Yun Kaiying, a Chinese doctor from Hongkou Hospital, and eight other people passed by the Bund. When they wanted to enter the Bund Park, they were blocked by the guard. In anger, they wrote an English letter to Thorburn, the president of the Ministry of Industry the next day: "Sir: We are all residents of the Concession and taxpayers. What provisions do you have that stipulate that China are not allowed to enter public gardens?" On April 20, 1881, Tao Peng's reply came. He said: "The park is not big and it is impossible for all China to come in and enjoy it. The gate guard was instructed to only allow elegant and well-dressed China people into the garden." On April 25 of the same year, Tao Peng wrote back again, saying,"The Ministry of Industry does not believe that China people have the right to enter the garden. He said that the Ministry of Industry made this decision based on a letter from the then British Consul in Shanghai Winsdale to Shanghai Daotai. In the letter, written on June 20, 1868, Winstar said,"This place (public garden) is for residents of foreign communities in Shanghai as a recreational place or park." More than a month after the letter was written, the Bund Park officially opened on August 8 of that year. However, Shanghai Daotai at that time did not express a word of "no" about this. In fact, in Shanghai at that time, the Bund Park was not the only place reserved for foreigners where Chinese were prohibited. Entertainment venues such as the British Federation and the German Federation have never allowed Chinese to enter. The famous racecourse has never accepted Chinese membership since the first one was built in 1850, the second one was built in 1854, and the third one was built in 1862. It has never accepted Chinese members, the exclusive Bund Park aroused Chinese protests? Xiong Yuezhi, vice president of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, analyzed that this is related to the name "Public Garden" announced by the Bund Park at the beginning. Since it is "public" and built by the Ministry of Industry, it should belong to the residents of the entire Concession, because all residents pay taxes. Those general federations and racetracks are all membership-based, with different ownership and funding sources. It is disclosed in the "Shanghai Garden Annals" that the funding for the construction of the Bund Park came from the "Public Casino (commonly known as Racecourse) Foundation" in the concession. The Chinese protests, whether from the people or the government, mainly protest from two aspects: first, the land occupied by the park still belongs to China; second, after the park is completed, the maintenance cost will also come from the taxes collected by the Ministry of Industry. The first protest by the Chinese people did not produce any effective results. Four years later, in 1885, the Ministry of Industry planned to expand the Bund Park. This time, the Chinese people's protests came again. Tang Maozhi and other eight people took the lead in the attack this time. On November 25, they jointly wrote a letter to the Ministry of Industry: "It is unsatisfactory that China and foreigners are treated differently in using public gardens. I hope the Ministry of Industry will find some ways to eliminate this resentful contradiction." They pointed out that "the Ministry of Industry's refusal to allow Chinese to enter the park is only based on race. Whether this is based on expediency or international etiquette, it is untenable. Tang Maozhi was the comprador of Jardine's Foreign Company. The other seven people were either former customs translators, wealthy real estate businessmen, or church pastors. In short, they all belonged to the "first-class Chinese" category. What is most annoying is that even Japanese and Koreans can enter the Bund Park, but only China cannot! While protesting, Tang Maozhi also gave suggestions: vouchers could be issued to Chinese people and some "high-level China residents" could be allowed to enter the park. The protest was supported by the media."Shenbao" published a series of articles criticizing the Ministry of Industry and the Bureau. Chinese business groups in Shanghai also jointly wrote a letter to this end. Under pressure, the Ministry of Industry had to agree to open the garden to China with conditions starting from May 4, 1886, allowing Chinese to enter the park with vouchers. Each coupon is limited to one week. According to statistics, in 1889, a total of 183 coupons were issued. But the problem has not been completely solved. Chinese people need to use coupons to enter the park, but foreigners do not use them. This is still inequality in itself. But even so, foreigners still find that too many China people have come. In 1890, the "Shanghai Public Recreation Commission" that manages the park reported to the Ministry of Industry that in the past year,"the number of people applying to enter the park has gradually increased... There is almost no place for late foreign visitors." The report also said that they found that China were cheating on the park tickets and changing the date of the tickets. At this time, the Ministry of Industry was preparing to land reclamation along the Suzhou River for the third time and expand the park. Due to the opposition of Shanghai Road, in the end, after negotiations, a river beach along the Suzhou River was transformed into a "Chinese park" that Chinese people could enter at will. In December 1890, the Chinese Park was officially opened. Compared with the Bund Park, the Chinese Park (now a green street) has much simpler equipment and worse environmental sanitation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, residents of Liwan, Guangzhou boycotted the American-made news picture "Women's World Bright". In 1905, the U.S. Political Consultative Conference coerced the Qing government to renew the Sino-U.S. Treaty on Chinese Workers, which expelled Chinese workers. Boycott of American goods and refusal of contracts broke out in Shanghai and Guangzhou one after another. In 1928, young talents were allowed to enter the park.