On this day, 114 years ago, on December 29, 1911 (November 10, 1911 in the lunar calendar), Outer Mongolia broke away from the Qing Dynasty and established Greater Mongolia. Greater Mongolia, commonly known as the Bokdo Khanate, was a state power that existed from 1911 to 1915 and from 1921 to 1924. (Bokdohan (Eighth King Zhebuzundanba Hutuktu)) On December 29, 1911, Zhebuzundanba Hutuktu was supported by the four tribes of Karka Mongolia and ascended the throne as "Ezhen Khan"(commonly known as "Bokdohan"), declaring independence from the Qing Dynasty and establishing a country integrating politics and religion. On June 9, 1915, independence was cancelled due to the signing of the China-Russia-Mongolia Treaty, and it was announced that it would join the Republic of China and implement "autonomy." In 1919, the Beiyang government abolished the "China-Russia-Mongolia Treaty" and sent Xu Shuzheng to lead the army to Outer Mongolia, revoking his right to autonomy. From then on, the Beiyang government directly ruled Outer Mongolia until 1921, when the Russian White Army general "Crazy Baron" expelled China forces and Greater Mongolia was rebuilt. Soon after, a communist revolution occurred in Greater Mongolia. The Mongolian People's Party took power on July 11 and changed to a constitutional monarchy. Bokdo Khan became a nominal monarch without real power. After the death of Bokdohan in 1924, Mongolia revised its constitution on November 26, formally changing the constitutional monarchy of Greater Mongolia to the socialist People's Republic of Mongolia. (Xu Shuzheng accepted the roadmap for restoring Outer Mongolia) During the rule of Bokdohan (1911-1919), the Revolution of 1911 broke out in the Qing Dynasty, which ruled Outer Mongolia, and the Qing Dynasty's control in Outer Mongolia was sharply weakened. On December 29 of the same year, the 8th Zhebuzundanba was named "Ezhen Khan"(meaning "Emperor Riguang of the People's Republic of China") in Kulun and established the Kingdom of Bokdo Khanate. The Bokdo Khanate implemented the unity of politics and religion and integrated the political systems of the Qing Dynasty and Europe. The Bokdo Khanate was the supreme ruler, with the year name "Gongdai", and had its own army, parliament and cabinet. After the independence of the Bokdo Khanate, with the support of the Russian Empire, it successively controlled the Hulunbuir area, Ulyasutai, Kovd and other places by instigating independence, supporting rebellion and armed offensive. By August 1912, the Greater Mongolia regime had basically controlled the entire territory of Outer Mongolia. In 1915, the China-Russia-Mongolia Treaty was signed, recognizing the Republic of China's suzerainty over Outer Mongolia, but the Russians also received various colonial privileges. On June 9 of the same year, Outer Mongolia abolished its independence and implemented autonomy. Yuan Shikai conferred the title of "Hutuktu Khan" and pardoned independence activists. However, China cannot station troops or immigrate in Mongolia, and Bokdohan is still the de facto supreme ruler of Outer Mongolia. (Flag of Bokdokhanate (1911-1915)) In 1917, the Russian October Revolution broke out, and the Russian Civil War broke out a year later. In early 1919, Grigory M. Semenov, the White Army general in the Baikal region, established a force to establish a new pan-Mongolian state. On November 7, 1919, President Xu Shichang of the Republic of China and Prime Minister Duan Qirui decided to send troops to Outer Mongolia. They sent Anhui general Xu Shuzheng to lead troops into Kulun, Outer Mongolia, to hold "Cabinet Minister" Badmadorzi hostage and house arrest the Living Buddha of Zhebuzundanba. On November 17, Outer Mongolia formally petitioned Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China, to abolish all treaties between Russia and Mongolia. The Southern Sun Yat-sen Defense Military Government also sent a message to celebrate. On November 22, the "Proclamation of the President of China" ordered the abolition of Outer Mongolia's autonomy and the restoration of the old system. (Xu Shuzheng, an Anhui general,"Xiao Xu")(One of the gates of the Bokdohan Winter Palace) Direct rule by the government of the Republic of China (1919-1921) In 1919, the Beiyang government established the "Northwest Border Affairs Office of the Republic of China" in Kulun, with Xu Shuzheng's troops stationed in Outer Mongolia and sent troops to recover Tangnuwu Lianghai. During his stay in Outer Mongolia, Xu Shuzheng ignored his traditional customs and comprehensively implemented the New Deal reform, which caused the upper-class groups in Outer Mongolia to be dissatisfied with the rule of the Beiyang government. Between 1919 and 1920, some Mongolians established the "Kangsu Lingdanji" and "Dongkulun" organizations to resist the rule of the Republic of China. The founder of Kansuringdani was Dogsom Baldaw, a lama who once worked at the Russian consulate, and his collaborator was Horlo Chobashan, who was later called the "Stalin of Mongolia." The leaders of Dongkurun were Sorin Tenzin and Danslanbilag Dawson, and other members were Damudin Sukhbaatar, known as the "Lenin of Mongolia." Dong Kulun attempted to assassinate Xu Shuzheng. In June 1920, with the help of Soviet Russia, Kangsu Lingdanji and Dongkulun merged to form the Mongolian People's Party (later renamed the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party). In July 1920, the Zhi-Anhui War broke out in China. Xu Shuzheng led his army back to the mainland. He was defeated and was quickly wanted. He fled into the Japanese Embassy, leaving only part of his troops behind. (Sukhbaatar (left) and Chobashan (right))"Crazy Baron" helps Bokdohan restore (1921) In February 1921, at the invitation of Bokdohan, Semenov's "Crazy Baron" Enqin led an 800-person Asian cavalry division into Mongolia. With the support of Japan, he quickly defeated the China army led by Gao Zaitian and marched into Kulun, the capital of Outer Mongolia, to support the restoration of Bokdohan and rebuild Greater Mongolia. Bokdo Khan conferred Enqin the title of prince. However, during this period, Bokdo Khan had no real power, and Greater Mongolia was actually controlled by the Russian White Army led by Enqin. During his five-month rule, he used high-pressure methods to suppress his opponents. Enqin claimed to be the reincarnation of Genghis Khan and was recognized by the 13th Dalai Lama Tudeng Gyatso as to be the reincarnation of the Great Black Sky. Enqin had a crazy plan: first support the restoration of Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty, then unify the Far East under his leadership, and then use this as a base to counterattack against the Western world. Xu Shichang's government in Beijing ordered Zhang Zuolin to recover Outer Mongolia. He only made a perfunctory attempt and did not send troops to Mongolia. (1921 In September 1921, during his trial in Irkutsk, Enqin wore Drumon costumes and wore the Fourth Class Order of St. George of Russia.) The Mongolian People's Party ruled (1921-1924) In order to unify the Mongolian People's Party, From March 1 to 3, 1921, the Mongolian People's Party held its first congress. In early June, Enqin attacked Chaktu, controlled by the Mongolian People's Party. He was defeated and retreated, causing heavy losses. On June 28, the main force of the Soviet Expeditionary Force entered Mongolia and on July 6 entered Kulun. On July 10, the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party passed a resolution to form a new constitutional monarchy government in the Bokdokhanate, led by Dogsom Bowdao, with Bokdokhan still serving as the nominal monarch. On July 11, Bokdohan once again ascended the throne. On August 21, Enqin was betrayed and arrested by his Mongolian allies, and was subsequently handed over to the Red Army. On September 15, Enqin was convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes and executed in Novosibirsk. (Flag of Bokdo Khanate (1921-1924)) On May 20, 1924, Bokdo Khanate passed away, and the constitutional monarchy of the Bokdo Khanate became vacant. The People's Revolutionary Party government announced that it would no longer seek reincarnated souls. From June 8 to September 1924, the Third Congress of the Mongolian People's Party decided to change the name of the party to the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and formulated the party's general line in the new historical period: "Completely eliminate the remnants of feudal forces, develop productivity, improve the people's material life, and with the help of socialist countries, transcend the capitalist stage and transition to socialism. In November 1924, the first State Great Hural passed the first constitution of the People's Republic of Mongolia, the People's Republic of Mongolia was established, and the Bokdo Khanate ended. The government of the Republic of China did not recognize Outer Mongolia's independence until it confirmed its independence in 2012. (Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1924-1992))