On July 3, 2003 (June 4, 2003 in the lunar calendar), why are there only thirteen tombs in Beijing? The Ming Tombs are the tombs of emperors of the Ming Dynasty in China. They are located in a small basin of 40 square kilometers under Tianshou Mountain in Changping District, Beijing, about 50 kilometers away from the capital. They were used from May (1409) of the seventh year of Yongle until the end of the funeral of Emperor Chongzhen. It lasted for more than 230 years. There were 13 emperors of the Ming Dynasty, 23 empresses, 2 princes, more than 30 concubines, and 1 eunuch. It is one of the world's preserved tombs and one of the tombs. It was listed as a world cultural heritage in 2003. There were 16 official emperors in the Ming Dynasty, but there were only 13 emperors in the Ming Tombs in Beijing. There were different reasons for not entering the tombs. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, established his capital in Nanjing in the early years and was buried in the "Mingxiao Mausoleum" in Zhongshan, Nanjing after his death; Zhu Yuanzhang, the eldest grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Jianwen, who succeeded him, went missing after his uncle, King of Yan Zhu Di (later Emperor Chengzu of Ming) launched the "Battle of Jingnan" to attack Nanjing, so there was no imperial mausoleum; Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor, ascended the throne after his brother Ming Yingzong was captured by Vala during the transformation of the Tumu Castle. Later, when Yingzong was restored, Zhu Qiyu was killed. Yingzong did not recognize him as the emperor, destroyed the Shouling he built on Tianshou Mountain, and buried him as a prince in Jingtai Mausoleum on the western outskirts of Beijing. The main mausoleum of the Thirteen Tombs of Emperor Zhu Di's Bronze Statue of Changling Yongle is the first Changling built by Zhu Di from 1409 to 1413. He was "visited by a car" at that time, and the mountain was named "Tianshou Mountain". In 1423, he died on the way to the northern expedition to Tartar and was buried here, but the Changling project was not completed until 1427. After nearly 200 years of construction, a complete complex of more than 7 kilometers was formed. Among the 13 mausoleums, the Changling of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Zhu Di, the Yongling of Jiajing Emperor Zhu Houyan, and the Dingling of Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun were all built before his lifetime and were the largest. The rest of the mausoleums were built after his death and took about half a year to build. Because Chongzhen was the king of a fallen country, there was no official mausoleum. The current mausoleum was rebuilt from the tomb of his fallen concubine Tian. The Golden Silk Wing Good Crown (Replica) of the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Unearthed in Dingling In 1957, the Beijing Municipal Government announced the Thirteen Tombs as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In 1961, the Thirteen Tombs were announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In 1982, the State Council announced the Badaling-Thirteen Tombs Scenic Area as one of the 44 key scenic spots in the country. In December 1995, the "Ming Tombs Museum" was established. On July 3, 2003, the Ming Tombs were included in the United Nations "World Heritage List". Comment: China's history and culture are increasingly recognized by the world. Extended reading: Why are there only the Thirteen Tombs in Beijing? Extended reading: Why are there only the Thirteen Tom The Ming Dynasty (1368-1683) was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in Chinese history. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, political corruption and the reign of Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty broke out in the Red Scarf Army uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang participated in the Red Scarf Army, and he went south and north to fight. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty with Yingtianfu (Nanjing) as the capital, the country name was Daming, and the year name was Hong Wu. Zhu Yuanzhang is Emperor Taizu of Ming. From Emperor Taizu of Ming: "Kaitianxing Road, Zhaoji Li, the great sage, the god of benevolence, righteousness, Wu, and Junde succeeded in the high emperor, taboo Yuan Zhang, the character of Guorui, surnamed Zhu's. The previous family Pei, migrated to Jurong, and then migrated to Sizhou. The father's treasure, the first migration to Haozhou Zhongli Born four sons, Taizu's season is also. Mother Chen's. The era name is Hongwu (1368-1398) Yingtian Xiaoling "to Ming Yizong:" Shao Tianyi Dao Gangming Kujiankui Wen Fenwu Dunren Mao Emperor Xiaolie taboo by inspection, Guangzong's fifth son. Mother Concubine Liu's. The era name is Chongzhen (1628-1644) Zhaoling. "There were sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty. Most historians of the Thirteen Tombs believe that the Ming Dynasty was 16 emperors (from Taizu to Yizong), and some believe that it was 17 emperors (plus Anzong). Some people think: "If you recognize the last two emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Qi (Emperor Jing Yan) of Song Duanzong who ascended the throne in Fuzhou and Zhao Bing (Emperor Xiangxing) of Song Dynasty who ascended the throne in Yashan, you should recognize the last few emperors of the Ming Dynasty, that is, 19 (plus Anzong, Anzong, and Zhaozong)." From the middle of the Wanli Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, the emperors were lazy, the officials were corrupt, and the Junzhen rebellion outside the customs began, and the Ming Dynasty began to decline. The dictatorship of the emasculate accelerated the development of this process during the apocalypse years. During the Chongzhen period, popular uprisings broke out in many places, and the later Jin army also broke through the Great Wall and entered the customs. In 1644 AD, the army of Dashun captured Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, but the imperial family of the Ming Dynasty fought in southern China for decades until it was completely exterminated by the Qing army during the Ming and Yongli years (1680s). There were at least five emperors and two supervisors in Nanming. Emperor Hongguang of Ming Anzong, Emperor Longwu of Ming Shaozong, and Emperor Yongli of Ming Zhaozong were generally recognized by historians. Lu Jianguo and Lu Jianguo did not call themselves emperors, which did not count; Emperor Shaowu, the younger brother of Emperor Longwu, and Emperor Yongli were called emperors together, but they were soon martyred, and they did not even have temple names, which could not count; Emperor Dingwu was falsely rumored according to research. In the early Ming Dynasty, Yingtian Mansion (now Nanjing) was the capital. When Emperor Chengzu of Ming was in power, Shuntian Mansion (now Beijing) was the capital. Yingtian Mansion was changed to stay in Yongle for three years. Zhu Di changed the name of Beiping to Beijing and called it Xingzai, and established Beijing Guozijian and other yamen. For four years of Yongle, he ordered the construction of a palace in Beijing. In 1409, Zhu Di visited Beijing and established six ministries and the Duzhan Hospital in Beijing, and set up a mausoleum in Beijing for the deceased Empress Xu, which already showed signs of moving the capital. After more than ten years of operation, Beijing initially flourished. In 1416, Zhu Di announced the idea of moving the capital. Yongle began to build Beijing on a large scale in fifteen years. Yongle was completed in eighteen years, and Yongle officially moved the capital in nineteen years. Since then, the Ming Dynasty has been rooted in the north. Except for the "Nanming Dynasty", most of the emperors died in Beijing at that time. 1. The Mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the People's Republic of China - Nanjing Mingxiao Mausoleum. As we all know, Emperor Zhu Di of Yongle began to build mausoleums after moving the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. Therefore, the two emperors in front of him were of course not buried in the Thirteen Tombs in Beijing. It was built at the foot of Zhongshan Mountain in Nanjing; the Ming Xiao Mausoleum is huge in scale and majestic in architecture, and its shape is enhanced by referring to the mausoleums 5 kilometers, the walls enjoy a majestic hall and magnificent pavilions. Half of the seventy monasteries in the Southern Dynasties were enclosed in the forbidden garden. The mausoleum is planted with 100,000 pine trees, reared thousands of deer, and hung between the necks of each deer is a silver medal for "Thief Slaughterer's Death". In order to defend Xiaoling, there are Shrine Superintendents inside, and Xiaoling Guards outside, with 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers guarding day and night. When Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty visited the southern part of the country, they all went to the mausoleum in person, and there were also two special mausoleum guards and forty mausoleum households, which were allocated to Si Xiangtian. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853 AD), the Xiaoling area became an important battlefield for the confrontation between the Taiping Army and the Qing Army, and the ground wooden structures were almost completely destroyed. 2. Why wasn't Zhu It is said that before Zhu Yunzao, Emperor Jianwen, became emperor, his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang was a little worried, reminding him that when you become emperor, you should be careful of your uncles who are not satisfied. And leave him a bag to open when he is in danger. Later, sure enough, the fourth uncle, King Yan Zhu Di, launched an attack and met each other. From Beijing to Nanjing, the capital. The soldiers quickly entered the imperial city. Zhu Yunwen, Emperor Jianwen, didn't know what to do. He suddenly remembered the bag that his grandfather gave him back then, and quickly took it out. He opened it and saw that it was four sets of monk's clothes, as well as Buddhist spies, and a razor. His grandson Zhu Yunzao understood his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang's good intentions very well. Immediately, the three people who followed him shaved their hair with him, put on monk's clothes, and fled from the corner gate of the city... When King Zhu Di of Yan entered the imperial city, no one was alive, no corpse was dead, and I don't know where he fled. Some people say that he fled overseas by boat, so later. Zhu Di sent Zheng He to go abroad several times to find... However, his whereabouts are still unknown. Some people say that Zhu Yunzao, the emperor of Jianwen, became a monk in a temple and died at the age of seventy or eighty. People lament that Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk in his early years. He left a way for his grandson to live as a Buddhist. Of course, all this needs to be further verified by the historical community. 3. Why was Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor of Ming Dynasty, buried in Jinshan, the western suburbs of Beijing? In 1435, at the age of nine, Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen succeeded the emperor. In 1449, the leader of the Mongol Spurs also attacked Datong first. Wang Zhen, the eunuch, was afraid that his hometown of Weizhou would be lost, so he encouraged Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty to go there personally. However, after several defeats in the battle, the emperor Zhu Qizhen was captured by Yesheng in the Tumu Fort. When the news reached the capital, he appointed his younger brother Zhu Qiyu as the supervisor of the country, and Yu Qian as the minister of the army to preside over the resistance. And because Yesheng threatened the Ming Dynasty many times with the emperor. So he made Zhu Qiyu the emperor to avoid the extortion of the Mongols. After resisting the Mongol Yesheng's attack in the capital, he had to retreat first. The role of the emperor in his hands was gone, so he sent envoys many times to say that he would send Yingzong back. From this point of view, he was quite powerful. It was a wonderful move. Zhu Qiyu's era name was Jingtai, known in history as Emperor Jing of Ming Dynasty. Emperor Jing was in trouble. It's not true that Yingzong will return, and it's not true that he won't return. Minister Yu Qian said that now that the position has been decided, there is nothing to be afraid of. It is reasonable to take back Yingzong, so he took back Yingzong, respected as the Supreme Emperor, and was placed under house arrest in Nangong. It seems that Yingzong will be like this for a lifetime. But in the eighth year of Jingtai, Emperor Jing, Zhu Qiyu fell ill and asked the tycoon Shi Heng to support the crown prince in charge of the dynasty. The history books say that Shi Heng wanted to support the restoration of Yingzong to receive credit, so he and the eunuch Cao Jixiang and other thousands of people went to Nangong, destroyed the wall and broke the door, rescued Yingzong, and the restoration of Yingzong was successful... After Yingzong was restored to seclusion, Shi Heng, Xu Youzhen, and others were knighted and given officials. Yu Qian, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Wang Wen, the minister of the Ministry of Officials, were killed. The road of Zhu Qizhenzi, the emperor of Yingzong in the Ming Dynasty, was too tortuous and complicated. Xuanzong in the Ming Dynasty originally regarded the Hu family as the queen and the Sun family as the concubine. Later, he established the Sun family as the queen, and abolished the Hu family as the immortal teacher Jingci. According to historical records, neither the Hu nor the Sun family gave birth to a son. On November 11, the second year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty (1427 AD), a palace maid gave birth to a boy for Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji. The concubine Sun, who was working on a scheme, secretly killed the palace maid who did not even leave her name, took her son, and lied On February 6 of the following year, Zhu Qizhen, who was less than three months old, was officially canonized as the crown prince. After Xuanzong's sudden death, Zhu Qizhen, who was only eight years old, officially ascended the throne on the tenth day of the first lunar month of Xuande (1435 AD), and changed it to the first year of the orthodox year next year. This was the first young emperor in the history of the Ming Dynasty, Yingzong Zhu Qizhen... He had several great miracles. It was rare for the emperor to visit the battlefield in person. He was captured but not killed. He was not killed but was released. Releasing and restoring the emperor was successful. If there is a problem with any procedure, he will not succeed. Some people think that Emperor Jing had clearly wanted to change the throne to Yingzong at that time, and Yingzong himself did not know the situation. Shi Heng and Xu Youzhen rashly launched a mutiny in order to grab the support. After success, in order to cut off future troubles, they killed Yu Qian. It can be said that killing Yu Qian was not the original intention of Yingzong, and Yingzong himself said: "This person really contributed to Sheji!" And Emperor Jing was seriously ill at the time, and he did not have his own son (Zhu Jianji is dead), the throne will definitely return to Yingzong in the end. Yingzong himself did not understand the situation, and Xu Youzhen and others wanted to invite rewards, so he launched it. Some people say that Emperor Jing has sent people to other places to find the son of the vassal to adopt, and he is really worried about how his brother will avenge the eight-year revenge if he comes to power... During his reign, he also built a mausoleum in the Thirteen Tombs, which was the Shougong Palace at that time. After one of his empresses, the Hang family, died, he built a mausoleum at the location of the Qingling, and the Hang family at that time was also buried in it. After his brother was restored, he made Emperor Jingtai king, and lost the throne. After his death, he could not be buried in the royal Thirteen Tombs on the scale of an emperor. Emperor Jing died in 1457 at the age of 30. After his death, he was buried in Jinshan in the western suburbs of Beijing (near the Empress Mansion in the northwest of the Summer Palace). Therefore, the remaining 13 emperors of the Ming Dynasty were buried in Tianshou Mountain, located in Changping, Beijing. Therefore, there are today's Beijing Tombs.