On this day 50 years ago, on October 22, 1975 (September 18, 1975 lunar calendar), Toynbee, a British historian, passed away. Toynbee A Jo On October 22, 1975, Toynbee A Jo, a British historian, passed away. On April 14, 1889, Toynbee, a British historian, was born in London. He graduated from Oxford University in 1911. In 1919, he was appointed Professor of History at the University of London. In 1915, he began working in the Intelligence Division of the British Foreign Office. In 1919, he attended the Paris Peace Conference. In 1925, he was Director of the Department of International History at the London School of Economics. In 1921, he planned the magnum opus "Historical Studies" and began writing it in 1927-1928. In 1934-1961, he published 12 volumes, reviewing the history of the world. Focusing on undocumented civilizations and civilizations outside Europe. Propose a philosophy of history based on the analysis of the cycles and decline of various civilizations. Continued writing of the magnum opus was interrupted by other affairs (Director of the Research Office of the Foreign Affairs Department of the Royal Society of International Affairs from 1939 to 1943, Director of the Research Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1943 to 1946, etc.).