On this day 303 years ago, on December 20, 1722 (November 13, 1722 lunar calendar), Emperor Kangxi died. Emperor Kangxi (May 4, 1654 - December 20, 1722), Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China (reigned from 1661 to 1722), was the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history. Overseas countries such as the West, after thousands of years, China is afraid of being burdened by it. This is what I said against expectations. For many years, the Han people have been difficult to govern, and because they cannot be single-minded, the country has been in peace for a long time, and they must not forget danger. In the past, Qin Xingxing's work of earth and stone built the Great Wall. Our dynasty was gracious to Kharkha, so that it was more protected against Shuofang, which was stronger than the Great Wall; the books on river governance in the previous generation were all read. Although it was easy to make general theories, it was difficult to implement them - the water of the Kangxi River was not qualitative, and the river governance was impossible. If you want future generations to follow the words of river governance today, it is absolutely not feasible - when Kangxi refused to compile the river governance decree into a book, he called it Emperor Kangxi. His name was Aixinjue Luo Xuanye, and the temple name was Emperor Shengzu of Qing, which was customary to call him Kangxi by his era name. He was the second emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. He became one of the most respected emperors in China because of his creation of the "prosperous era of Kang and Qian" and his actions in maintaining China's territorial integrity. Thanks to contemporary film and television media, he also became a household name in China. Emperor. Kangxi practiced tussah at the age of eight. At that time, his predecessors left him a huge and dangerous country. Loyalty to the Qing Dynasty had not yet formed a habit, and the price that must be paid for ruling the majority by minorities had already appeared or would become apparent. Within the imperial court, the era of "strongman politics" had not yet passed, and Aobai and other ministers were arbitrary and had formed a huge threat to the imperial power. Such an era is calling for the emergence of a political giant to establish a stable political order. Kangxi proved with his later cultural and martial arts skills that he well assumed the responsibilities and obligations of this role. In Kangxi's early growth, his grandmother, Empress Wen Xiaozhuang, played a great role in creating a good environment for Kangxi's pro-government by checking and balancing the forces of all parties. But when Kangxi began to govern in 1667, he found that the tyrannical minister Aobai had become the biggest obstacle to his dictatorship. Two years later, Kangxi designed to wipe out Aobai and his cronies in one go, and from then on, he took over power. This was the starting point of Kangxi's success in life. At that time, the "San Francisco" in the south became a big problem for the court. "San Francisco" was the three vassals in the south, all of whom were generals who descended to the Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, and made great contributions in the fight against the world. In the "San Francisco", Wu Sangui was the leader, holding a heavy army, and gradually became a separatist force. Under the judgment of "cutting is the opposite, not cutting is the opposite", Kangxi ordered the cutting of the vassal in 1673. Wu Sangui immediately rebelled, and under the banner of restoring the Han people to the world, the war once spread to half of the country in the south. Kangxi initially showed military leadership in this war, strategized, decisively and tactfully, and successfully conspired against Wang Fuchen and others. It took 8 years to finally quell the rebellion. Then, taking advantage of the momentum of victory, Kangxi sent Shi Lang to lead the water army across the Taiwan Strait to attack and destroy the Zheng regime in Taiwan. This was a classic battle of crossing the sea in ancient China, which eliminated the last remnants of the Ming Dynasty. Taiwan's role as a "barrier of several southeastern provinces" has since been taken seriously by the central government. At the same time as the Chinese Civil War, the Russians were advancing eastward step by step along the stronghold of Siberia, occupying the Longxing land of the Qing Dynasty - the Heilongjiang River Basin, which became a threat to northern China for the first time. After pacifying the chaos of San Francisco, Kangxi turned his attention to this place. In 1685, he dispatched the Heilongjiang general Sabusu and others, and with the cooperation of the "Invincible General of Shenwei" bronze cannons, he achieved a great victory in the Battle of Yaksa. Kangxi accepted the request of the Russian ambassadors for peace, and then signed the "Nybuchu Peace Treaty", which demarcated the eastern border between the two countries. For the next century and a half, the two countries basically maintained peace. But the threat to the north was not only the new Tsarist Russia, but also the old Mongol separatist forces At that time, Mongolia had been divided into Monan Mongolia, Moxi (Erut) Mongolia, and Mobei (Khalkha) Mongolia. Monan Mongolia had been attached to the Qing Dynasty, and Moxi and Mobei Mongolia maintained a semi-independent state. While Kangxi was gradually unifying the Chinese mainland, a hero in Moxi Mongolia, Kaldan, was also gradually unifying the Mongolian ministries. Kaldan had many elements to become a Nurhachi-style hero, but he was not lucky. He ran into a growing central dynasty under Kangxi. Although he advanced to a place only 700 miles away from Beijing in 1690, he was finally defeated by Kangxi in the battle of Ulan Batong. In 1691, Kangxi called together the Mongol princes and presided over the "Duolun Alliance", which strengthened the Manchu-Mongolian alliance with the direct aim of isolating Kaldan, but the Mongols were also able to share in the ruling interests of the Qing Dynasty. After that, Kangxi personally conquered Kaldan three times, and finally forced Kaldan to die in the end. The rule of the Qing Dynasty on the long northern border of China was established from then on. Kaldan's nephew, Tsebjen Arabutan, regrouped the rest of the army and marched on Xizang in 1717. Kangxi also won cleanly in the last battle of his life. In 1720, he sent troops into Tibet, expelled Tsebjen Arabutan, and stabilized the suzerainty of Xizang. At the same time as the above-mentioned series of wars, Kangxi made the whole country's social and economic economy out of the catastrophe of many years of war and embarked on the road of healthy development through correct domestic policies. He attached great importance to people's livelihood, and soon after he became pro-government, he abolished the bad government of the Manchu aristocracy "land enclosure". Six southern visits were made to inspect water conservancy projects and repair rivers such as the Yongding River. It is commendable that during his reign, he reduced taxes for the whole country many times, and in 1712, when the treasury was enriched, he stipulated that "population will be bred in prosperous times and will never be increased", that is, based on the existing population, and the population will not be increased in the future. This move, as well as the "spreading of the two acres" implemented by his successor Yongzheng, played a role in fueling the surge in China's population. During his reign, Kangxi made the "Laws of the Great Qing Dynasty", which can be said to be a collection of laws and laws in China in all dynasties. In the imperial examination system, in addition to the regular eight-strand selection of scholars, Kangxi added erudition and Confucianism, using a combination of examinations and recommendations to recruit talents. During the Rebellion of Ping San Francisco, in order to increase the revenue of the national treasury, a donation system was promulgated. All the children of the landlord and gentry could get lower official positions as long as they paid a certain amount of "donation money". The donation system continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty, becoming a supplement to the imperial examination system. Emperor Kangxi himself was versatile. In addition to being proficient in Confucianism, he also had a strong interest in mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, biology, engineering technology, etc., and was eager to learn relevant knowledge from Western scholars. During his reign, he organized the editing and publication of the "Kangxi Dictionary", "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", "History and Imagery", "Mathematical Essence", "Kangxi Yongnian Calendar", "Kangxi Emperor Yu Overview" and so on. During his 61 years in power, there was a prosperous situation in the military, economy and culture. In history, it was called "Kangxi's rule", which was the beginning of the "prosperous era of Kangqian and Qian". After the capture of Taiwan, Kangxi once banned the sea, but in his later years, he re-implemented the "forbidden sea" policy and embarked on the road of closing the country. The "literary prison" in the Qing Dynasty began in the Kangxi era, but the most enthusiastic about it was his grandson, Emperor Qianlong, and there were not many pen and ink lawsuits in the Kangxi era. In the later years of Kangxi, due to the indecision on the issue of the reserve, the sons joined the courtiers to fight for the position, and the government was in chaos for a time. These are the few places where Kangxi was criticized by later generations. But Kangxi's influence in history should not be overestimated. First of all, whether it was the war to pacify San Francisco, the war to pacify Kaldan, or the war to recover Taiwan, Kangxi dealt with a local power with the power of one country. Although the victory was not easy-won, it did not change the macro historical pattern; and what he defeated in the Battle of Yaksa was only an adventurous group of Tsarist Russia, far from the main force of Tsarist Russia. Secondly, Kangxi's domestic policies promoted the prosperity of the country, but his policies lacked innovation and basically followed the practices of his predecessors. The emergence of "Kangxi's rule" was also related to the favorable position of the second generation of emperors in his dynasty, and had the nature of post-war restorative development. Moreover, Kangxi himself loved mathematics, natural science, and Western technology, but did not have the enthusiasm to promote them to the whole country, which deprived China of a good opportunity for large-scale acceptance of Western civilization. In general, Kangxi was an accomplished emperor, but not a figure who changed the general trend of historical development. His actual impact on history may be slightly less than his fame. He ranks 36th in this list of 100 emperors. Comments: The Manchu Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming Empire with a population of hundreds of millions with the eight-flag soldiers of 120,000 people. After creating this rare historical miracle, the rulers of the early Qing Dynasty also fell into a huge sense of crisis. Establishing the legitimacy of the Manchu Qing Dynasty throughout China was the core task of Emperor Kangxi's governance. Kangxi's brilliance was that he made the Qing regime not only gain the recognition of Confucian culture and Han intellectuals, but also maintain the characteristics of Manchu martial arts and pioneering and enterprising.