The scene during the Napoleon coup

The Brumaire coup was a major event in French history. It occurred on November 9, 1799, which was the 18th Brumaire in the French New Calendar, so it was commonly known as the "Brumaire coup" in history.

At the end of the 18th century, the great bourgeois revolution broke out in France. In 1792, the monarchy was overthrown and the bourgeoisie was established. However, the bourgeoisie did not gain a firm foothold from then on. On the contrary, the contradictions within the revolutionary camp intensified. The French big bourgeoisie and bankers opposed both the absolute monarchy and the bourgeois revolutionaries, and were particularly afraid of the revolutionary masses. They launched the "Thermidor Coup" in 1791, which attacked the bourgeois revolutionaries and the broad masses, overthrew the revolutionary Jacobin dictatorship, and established the reactionary rule of the big bourgeoisie. However, in the summer of 1795, the reactionary royalists staged another rebellion, so the big bourgeoisie had to turn to the revolutionary Jacobins to deal with the royalists. As the rebellion was suppressed, the Jacobins became active again. The swing policy of the big bourgeoisie's directorate was unable to maintain stable rule, and the domestic political situation was unstable. The big bourgeoisie hoped to establish a new regime that could not only prevent the restoration of the dynasty, but also effectively suppress the people's revolutionary movement. Therefore, the big bourgeoisie began to choose the target. Napoleon was fighting in Egypt at the time. He knew this from the letter sent by his brother from the country, and he handed over the command of the Near East front army to General Kleiber, and he quickly returned home by fast ship. Sure enough, after he arrived in Paris, he was soon taken by the bourgeoisie. Barlow, a big Parisian banker, gave him 500,000 francs to support his coup d'état. With the support of the big bourgeoisie, he used the pretext of removing the Jacobin extremism from threatening the republic. On November 9, 1799, he led his cronies to disperse the Legislative Yuan, overthrow the Directory, and establish the executive government headed by Napoleon. Soon, the 8-year constitution of the French Republic was promulgated, reaffirming the abolition of the feudal hierarchy and France as a republic, stipulating the authority of the first ruling (Napoleon): "Promulgate laws; and appoint and remove members of the Senate, ministers, ambassadors and other high-ranking foreign officials, army and naval officers at will. Soon, he abolished the revolutionary institutions of local self-government, making France a highly centralized state.

Napoleon, the "lifelong ruler" of France