On October 29, 2015 (September 17, 2015 in the lunar calendar), the policy of allowing a couple to have two children was fully implemented. October 29, 2015: The communiqué of the Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China allows the universal two-child policy: fully implement the policy of allowing a couple to have two children. The communiqué of the plenary session pointed out: Promote balanced population development. Adhere to the basic national policy of family planning and improve the population development strategy. Fully implement the policy that one couple can have two children. Improve the level of public services such as reproductive health, maternal and child health care, and child care. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China closed today. The meeting decided to adhere to the basic national policy of family planning, improve the population development strategy, fully implement the policy of one couple having two children, and actively carry out actions to deal with population aging. This is another adjustment in population policy after the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee decided in 2013 to launch the implementation of the "two children alone" policy. Fundamental changes have taken place in the national concept of fertility. Liu Binjie, chairman of the National People's Congress Education, Culture, and Health Committee, previously said that it is expected that there will be about 10 million "single" couples. There were about 1 million couples wishing to have a second child in the past year. Actually implemented into this year's policy, less than 470,000 pairs can have children, which means less than half of the 1 million. This reflects that the concept of family planning has undergone fundamental changes in our country's national population, and the focus on quality has become everyone. Consensus, coupled with economic pressure, living conditions and other aspects, there has not been a shock wave, causing major changes in the family planning policy, so the overall situation is very stable. In 2015, the "two children alone" policy in many places across the country celebrated its first anniversary, but the number of applications for two children did not show the "blowout" growth expected by the public, which attracted great attention from the outside world. Taking Shanghai as an example, data shows that 90% of women of marriageable and childbearing age in Shanghai currently comply with the dual independence or individual policy, but less than 5% apply for a second child. What used to be "what everyone expected" is now being ignored. Previously, the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences released a report stating that China's "demographic dividend" has gradually disappeared since 2010, and even if the "two children alone" policy is implemented, it will not be able to fundamentally change this trend. The report recommends that the government transition from the existing "two children alone" policy to the "full liberalization of two children" policy as soon as possible. Experts and scholars call for the full liberalization of second children. Demographers Chen Jian, vice president of the China Economic System Reform Research Association, told reporters yesterday that he learned from many parties that the Fifth Plenary Session of the Central Committee should mention the policy of fully liberalizing second children. According to reports, China's Future Population Development Strategy Report (hereinafter referred to as the "Population Report") has been submitted to the decision-making level. The report proposes to immediately liberalize the comprehensive two-child policy. Previously, Zhang Chewei, director of the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of China Academy of Social Sciences, once said that China's population will reach a peak of 1.413 billion in 2025, but by 2050, China's population will be lower than it is now. Zhang Chewei revealed that these forecasts have been submitted to the leadership as background reports for reference in formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan. Recently, Zhang Chewei wrote an article proposing strategic population countermeasures during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period. The first one is to "fully liberalize the birth of two children and return birth decisions to the family." Some scholars have inferred that the family planning policy will soon be abolished because they have deleted the clause in the newly revised "Disciplinary Regulations of the Communist Party of China" that party members who violate family planning will be subject to disciplinary sanctions. Chen Jian disagreed with this. He believes that the birth policy is not yet fully liberalized. "The original intention of the family planning policy is very good. This policy has different stages. If two children are liberalized now, the birth policy will not be fully liberalized. It will only be regulated by the birth policy and still belong to family planning." Scientific family planning that should most reflect on family planning has different historical stages. Chen Jian believes that the family planning policy implemented in the 1970s was very successful, with "one less, two best, and more than three" and "late rare" birth policy. "That decade was the most successful decade of China's family planning policy (1970 to 1979). Great success has been achieved in a gentle breeze and drizzle, and there are no rough practices such as administrative control. Moreover, in just ten years, the total fertility rate of women in China has dropped from 5.81 to 2.24. This is extremely rare or unique in the history of human civilization and the fertility history of various major countries." Since the early 1980s, major adjustments have been made to the family planning policy. He believes that this has a lot to do with the change in the background of the times. From focusing on class struggle to focusing on economic construction, the total population was established based on the establishment of goals at the end of the 20th century. To control the total amount, it was proposed at that time to control the total population of China to less than 1.2 billion yuan in order to achieve Comrade Xiaoping's goal of per capita GDP of US$800 to US$1000 by the end of this century. "To control the population to less than 1.2 billion, we can only adopt a policy whereby a couple can only have one child." Looking back on the family planning policy, Chen Jian said that the most important thing to reflect on is to respect the rules. "How to make such a public policy involving hundreds of millions of people scientific and truly respect economic laws, including the laws of population reproduction, requires our serious reflection. He admitted that in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the birth policy was adjusted, although there seemed to be some democratic practices, soliciting the opinions of some experts and departments, and there were many discussions, such discussions were held within a limited framework, and some basic contents were not allowed to be discussed. Therefore, this discussion was not sufficient, and the understanding of population laws at that time was not very clear. "How to deepen our understanding of population laws is still in the process. After experiencing a strict family planning policy, in November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee announced the launch of a separate two-child policy nationwide. Relevant parties originally expected an increase of about 2 million births every year, but they did not expect that the number of births would only increase by 470,000 in 2014. According to statistics from the National Health and Family Planning Commission, as of the end of May 2015, only 1.45 million of the more than 11 million single couples across the country had applied for another child. Our country has entered an era of "ultra-low birthrate." According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, China's population has entered a new normal of coexistence of aging and low birthrate. In 2014, the number of elderly people over the age of 65 nationwide reached 137 million, accounting for 10.1% of the total population. According to demographic standards, when the proportion of the population over 65 years old reaches 7%, it means entering an aging society. China is already in a stage of deep aging. In addition, the number of children in China is becoming increasingly serious. Internationally, it is believed that 15%-18% of the population aged 0-14 in the total population belongs to "severely minority children", and less than 15% belongs to "ultra-minority children". In 1990, my country's population aged 0-14 accounted for 33.6% of the total population. In 2010, it dropped to only 16.60%. As many countries age, the number of births will also decrease. "But a situation like this in China is very rare in the world and it is a huge challenge. We have entered the "ultra-small number of children". Chen Jian emphasized that such an annual population age structure is a severe challenge to China's long-term development in the future.