113 years ago today, October 9, 1912 (August 29, 1912 in the lunar calendar), the first Balkan War broke out. Residents in Tripoli watch Italian troops enter the Libya capital. On October 10 and October 21, 1911, Italian troops entered North Africa, and the government of Giovanni Gioliti declared war on Sultan Melmet V. The Berbers fiercely fought back the Italian attack, and Italian military air power attacked them. In the Battle of Benghazi, 600 Italian soldiers were killed. On October 9, 1912, the first Balkan War broke out. At the beginning of the 20th century, the people of all ethnic groups in the Balkans opposed Turkish rule and the struggle for national independence grew increasingly intense. 1911-1912 During the Italian-Turkish War in 1989, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro formed the Balkan Alliance. On October 9, 1912, Montenegro first declared war on Turkey, and Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece subsequently entered the war. The Turkish army was losing ground and asked European powers for mediation in early November. On December 16, Turkey negotiated peace talks with four belligerent countries in London. On January 23 of the following year, a coup occurred in Turkey. The new government, with the support of Germany, took a tough attitude and the peace talks broke down. On February 3, the war resumed. Turkey was defeated and sought peace again. On May 30, Turkey signed the Treaty of London with the four Balkan countries, stipulating that Turkey's continental possessions (except Albania) and Crete, west of the Midina line from Enez to the Caspian Sea, were ceded to the Balkan Alliance countries; Albania is independent, but it must be supervised by Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Italy; the Aegean Islands issue must be handled by Germany, Austria, Britain and Russia. Turkish soldier captured in Florenna, Macedonia, during the First Balkan War. After a brutal siege, Greek troops occupied Thessaloniki. At this time, Turkish troops were fighting Italian troops on the front line in Libya and were unprepared. Two Boer soldiers were defending against the British army (one of them holding a national flag). The British defeated the resistance of the Dutch colonists, first occupying the Free State of Austria, and then the Transvaal region and the capital Pretoria on June 5, 1900.