On this day 432 years ago, on October 16, 1593 (September 22, 1593 lunar calendar), Hong Chengchou, a well-known counselor and official of the two dynasties, was born. Hong Chengchou (October 16, 1593 - April 3, 1665), character Yan Yan, number Hengjiu, a native of Nan'an Yingdu, Quanzhou, Fujian (now Liangshan Village, Yingdu Town). He was a scholar in the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616) of the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and he went to Shaanxi as an emissary to participate in politics. When he was an official in Chongzhen, he went to the Ministry of War to Shangshu and Governor of Jiliao. After the Battle of Songjin, he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and became the first Han scholar in the Qing Dynasty. Hong Chengchou promoted Confucian scholarship and put forward opinions on Shunzhi's unblind belief in Confucius and Mencius, laying the foundation for the foreign Manchu to rule the Han Jiangshan. Hong Chengchou also suggested that the Qing court adopt many Ming Dynasty regulations and systems, and offered many ideas, most of which were accepted by the Qing court and implemented to improve the state apparatus of the Qing Dynasty. In order to consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou suggested that the Manchu ruling group should also "learn Chinese and know Chinese", understand Han etiquette and customs, and dilute the differences between Manchu and Han. For the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou's contributions to the court were great, and it can be said that there was no one else except Dorgon and Fan Wencheng. However, because of his subjugation of the Qing Dynasty and his participation in the suppression of the Nanming Dynasty, his behavior was mostly despised by the Han people. When the raiders were pacified and the Ming Sizong Chongzhen, the raiders rose up. At the age of 37, Hong Chengchou participated in politics. Hancheng was besieged by the civilian army Wang Zuogui, and Yang He transferred Hong Chengchou to rescue him. Hong Chengchou brought hundreds of troops assembled by servants, servants, and cooks to the battlefield to relieve the siege of Hancheng with excellent command and killed more than 500 people. In the following two months, the ministry was known as "Hong Bing", and fought again and again. "King Tuota" Wang Zuogui descended, Chengchou entertained a banquet, and killed him during the banquet. Hong Chengchou liked to kill and surrender his soldiers. In April of the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631), He Renlong and others set up a banquet to treat the soldiers and killed more than 300 people, taking the opportunity to kill more than 300 people. Fei Mi said: "The governor of Shaanxi summoned thousands of people. One day, he sent his soldiers to collect, remove their bows and arrows, and sent thousands of troops to encircle and kill them. When the soldiers saw this, they pulled out trees and stones, rose up to resist, and broke out of the siege. From then on, the people's army had no intention of surrendering. "However, throughout the late Ming Dynasty peasant uprising, the people's army was often forced to surrender, and once the siege was lifted, they rebelled. Zhang Xianzhong's repeated rebellion was a proof of Chengchou's foresight. In August 1631, Governor Yansui died in office, and Hong Chengchou replaced him as governor, and in October he was appointed governor of Shaanxi Province. For seven years (1634), he served as the official of the Ministry of War, and also supervised the military affairs of Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Huguang, etc., to suppress the peasant uprising. When Chen Qiyu was governor of the five provinces, he was trapped in the carriage gorge, and the people's army rebelled after being surrendered. Chen Qiyu was imprisoned. In the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Hong Chengchou took over and organized the encirclement and suppression to be very effective. Within a few months, the people's armies in various places were cleared, and the main force of the people's army was compressed to the vicinity of Luoyang. At that time, the people's army held a "Xingyang Conference", gathering the "thirteen families" and "seventy-two battalions". At the meeting, Li Zicheng proposed that the troops be divided into three routes, all the way to Shanxi, all the way to Huguang, and all the way to Fengyang. The people's army in Fengyang, in the central capital, destroyed the imperial mausoleum. In June, Cao Wenzhao was ordered to attack and died in an ambush. When the Hong army arrived in Henan in March, most of the rebels had been concentrated in Shaanxi again; Hong Chengchou returned to the customs. At this time, Li Zicheng broke Xianyang and forced Xi'an; Gao Yingxiang, Zhang In August 1635, Lu Xiangsheng became the governor of the five provinces, ruling the Central Plains; Hong Chengchou ruled the northwest, and each was responsible for and coordinated with each other. In the spring of 1636, in the ninth year of Chongzhen, the civilian army lost again and again. In 1636, Hong Chengchou was appointed to supervise Guanzhong and broke the civilian army in Lintong. Sun Chuanting defeated Gao Yingxiang, the king of Tou, in the Meridian Valley, and Gao Yingxiang was defeated. Hong Chengchou captured him and sent him to Beijing to be executed. Li Zicheng was promoted to succeed him as the king of Tou, known as "Li Chuang". At this time, the Qing army violated the border, Lu Xiangsheng was transferred to the border to assist, and the Central Plains civilian army recovered. Zhang Xianzhong defeated Zuo Liangyu in Nanyang, and Xiong Wencan took care of the military affairs of the Central Plains, appealing to Zhang Xianzhong and others. In October of the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638), Hong Chengchou broke Li Zicheng. Li Zicheng lost Shangluo with only 18 rides, and the peasant uprising turned to a low tide in the late Ming Dynasty. After that, Lu Xiangsheng was restrained by Yang Sichang and died in the battle of a giant deer. Emperor Chongzhen had to transfer Hong Chengchou from the western front to give Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong a chance to breathe. In December (1639) of Songshan's defeat in Chongzhen's eleventh year, Lu Xiangchou died in battle. In the twelfth year of Chongzhen, Hong Chengchou was transferred to be the governor of Jiliao and was in charge of the northeastern border defense to defend Manchuria. In the winter of Chongzhen's thirteenth year (1640), the Qing army attacked Jinzhou and Ningyuan, and Hong Chengchou sent troops to assist, but was defeated by Tashan and Xingshan. In order to save the critical situation in eastern Liaoning, in the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (1641), Hong Chengchou led eight corps and 130,000 people to When the eight general soldiers were arrogant, it was not easy to obey the unified order. Hong Chengchou advocated slowly approaching Jinzhou, setting up a camp step by step, and fighting and defending, not light waves. Therefore, the Ming army controlled the commanding heights from Songshan to Jinzhou, and the Qing army was severely defeated with fierce offensives, and the situation began to improve. However, Chen Xinjia, the minister of the Ministry of War, urged Hong to march on the grounds that the soldiers were too hard to pay. Hong Chengchou's strategy of dragging down the Qing army could not be implemented. As a last resort, he led his army into Songshan, intending to have a decisive battle with it in Songjin. Huang Taiji heard that Hong Chengchou had arrived, and he personally led two yellow flags to assist, deploying to form a large encirclement of the Ming army and cutting off the Ming army's food route. Hong Chengchou advocated a decisive battle, but the general soldiers mainly retreated and On the way to break out, the armies did not wait for the military order and rushed to retreat first. The Qing army took advantage of the situation to cover and kill. Hong Chengchou led 10,000 remnants to sit in Songshan City, but failed to break through. The following year, the city fell, and Hong Chengchou was defeated and captured to Shengjing, which is known as the Battle of Songjin in history. After being captured, Hong Chengchou announced a hunger strike to show his loyalty to the Ming Room, but was soon persuaded to surrender. A similar story has happened many times: The Book of Plum Blossom Ridge records Sun Zhaokui: "Wu Zhonggong Sun Zhaokui used his army to be unable to resist, and he insisted on it until he was white. After looking at Hong Chengchou's old relationship with it, he asked: 'Sir, in the army, did you know that the former Shigong of the Yangzhou Pavilion died evil, but he did not die evil Sun Gong replied: 'The scripture came from the north, and I found out that the former Songshan martyred supervisor Hong Gongguo died evil, but he did not die evil?' Chengchou was very angry, and he hurriedly called for his subordinates to drive him out. "Zhang Dai's" Shi Kui Book Later "Volume 37" Biography of the Golden Sound of the Zodiac Zhou "records that Jin Sheng was defeated and captured, and Hong Chengchou said:" I am Hong Hengjiu. "Jin Sheng shouted:" Duh, Hengjiu received the favor of the late emperor, and when he was in the cabinet department, he was killed in battle. The late emperor wept and stopped the dynasty, and the imperial celebration edition was made, and he was given sacrifices to nine altars, and he was given to the late Yin Zi. This is my Ming Zhongchen minister. Who is it that you dare to take risks? "Xia Wanchun was arrested at the age of seventeen, and Hong Chengchou personally interrogated him. Xia Wanchun said," I heard that Mr. Heng Jiu was a great man of the dynasty, and the battle of Songshan and Xingshan splashed blood on the canal. The emperor first mourned and praised his shirt, and moved Huayi. I often admire his loyalty. Although he is young, he killed his body to serve the country, how can he be allowed to! "The soldiers next to him thought that Xia really did not know Hong Chengchou, and reminded him that the one sitting above him was Lord Hong. Xia said," Mr. Heng Jiu has been dead for a long time, and the world has heard of it. He once offered sacrifices to the seven altars, and the Son of Heaven came in person, and his tears were full of dragon faces, and the ministers sobbed. What a traitor you are, how dare you pretend to use your name to pollute your loyalty! " During the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was the first to propose that the first task of the Qing army after entering the customs was to exterminate the peasant army. After that, he himself spared no effort and offered to Dorgon. As Dorgon went south, he heard that Li Zicheng had fallen into Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty and Emperor Chongzhen perished on the same day. Hong Chengchou suggested that "by surprise, from Jizhou and Miyun near Beijing, hurry forward" and go straight to Beijing. Dorgon used it and finally defeated the Dashun army. Hong Chengchou suggested that the target should be aimed at the Dashun army and recruited the legacy ministers of the Ming Dynasty. Soon, the Qing court stabilized the three provinces of Zhili, Shandong and Shanxi in the north, and moved the capital to Beijing. After entering the customs, the Emperor Shunzhi appointed him as the crown prince, the official of the Ministry of War and the imperial history of the capital of the capital. He was admitted to the inner court to teach military affairs and a bachelor of the secretarial college, becoming the first Han scholar in the Qing Dynasty. In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Duoduo destroyed the Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty. Dorgon was overwhelmed by the victory and issued a "hair shaving order", which aroused strong resistance. In the midst of the crisis, Dorgon replaced Duoduo with Hong Chengchou in June, and awarded "Grand Bachelor of Military Affairs to the Governor of Jiangnan Province". During his tenure, Hong Chengchou tried his best to ease the contradictions between the Manchu and Han Dynasties, mainly to comfort, but he also suppressed and massacred a large number of righteous people loyal to the Ming royal family, who were reviled by the world. In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Hong Chengchou lost his father and returned to his hometown to defend the system. In April of the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), he was summoned to return to Beijing and once again entered the inner court to manage the In May of the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), at the age of 61, he had served as a bachelor of the Hongwen Academy in Nei Hanlin, the official of the Ministry of War and the official of the right deputy capital of the capital, the official of the Ministry of War, and Hong Chengchou, who also served as the president of the "Records of Taizong in the Qing Dynasty", was also appointed as "Taibao and Prince Taiji, overseeing the five provinces of Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou, and the governor's military affairs and grain and salaries", "the two departments of officials and soldiers shall not be hindered, and the Ministry of Household shall not be late", "report the news after the fact", and go to the army to attack the Nanming Yongli regime. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), in the first month, the Qing army pacified Yunnan, Hong Chengchou asked for internal funds to help the poor, and suspended his march to the rest of King Gui who fled to Burma, so that the social order in Yungui area after the war stabilized and production began to resume. In August, he requested to return to Beijing due to old age and poor health and worsening eye disease. The following year, he was ordered to return to Beijing, but was given a cold reception. In the first month of the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661), Emperor Shunzhi died and Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne. Hong Chengchou was also 69 years old and still served as a bachelor, and he retired in May. After several disputes, the court granted the third-class Adhaha Fan mother (light car captain) hereditary inheritance. In the fourth year of Kangxi (1665), Hong Chengchou died at the age of 73. On the third day of December, the 41st year of Qianlong, in an edict, the National History Museum was ordered to compile the "Biography of the Two Ministers of the Ming Season". Hong Chengchou and others "created a unified scale, and had to add it to hire, so as to calm people's hearts and be clear and obedient. Now and then, in fairness, if people are all victorious in the country's ministers, they are facing difficulties in the world, and cannot give orders for their masters in danger. They are afraid of the death penalty again, and their faces are subservient. How can they be called perfect people again" The reason is included in the "Biography of the Two Ministers of the Ming Season".