On this day 65 years ago, on August 11, 1960 (June 19, 1960 lunar calendar), Chad's independence and the question of Chad arose. On August 11, 1960, Chad, a country in north-central Africa, gained independence, which immediately gave rise to the problem of long-term internal turmoil, the question of Chad. In the 1880s, France invaded Chad, and in 1910 Chad became a French colony. French colonial rule caused political rivalries between the north and the south of Chad. In November 1958, Chad became an "autonomous republic" within the French Community. Independence was declared on August 11, 1960. In April 1962, François Tombabaye, supported by France, was elected as the first president, suppressing the north and attacking the "National Alliance of Chad". In May 1965, an armed rebellion broke out among peasants in Guerra Province, and exiled political parties and tribal leaders formed the "National Liberation Front", which announced that it would overthrow the current regime by armed force. In 1973, Tombayya sold the northern territory of Aouzou to Libya. In April 1975, Tombayya was overthrown in a coup, and the commander of the armed forces, Felix Maloum, was in power, implementing a policy of national reconciliation. However, the Libyan-backed Gukuni established a "Provisional Revolutionary Council". Chad formed a two-government confrontation. In February 1979, Maloum's government clashed with Habré's northern armed forces. In March, a ceasefire was established. In November, the factions reached an agreement to form a transitional government of national unity, and the factions ceased fire. In March 1980, a full-scale civil war broke out between Habré and the Gukuni factions In May France was forced to withdraw its troops from Chad, but Libyan troops entered Chad to support Gukuni. In November 1981, the Libyan army withdrew and the Pan-African Peace Force entered Chad. In June 1982, Habré's army overthrew the Gukuni government, enlisted the support of the southern tribes, and implemented a good-neighborly policy. In June 1983, Gukuni invaded Chad with Libyan support and was defeated by government forces. The fighting between the various factions created a situation of long-term unrest in Chad.