On this day, 183 years ago, August 29, 1842 (July 24, 1842, the first unequal treaty in modern history of China, the Treaty of Nanjing, was signed. In 1842, after the British invasion army captured Wusong, Shanghai and Zhenjiang successively, it drove its warships to Nanjing River in early August and aimed its guns at Nanjing City. The corrupt Qing government openly went against the wishes of the broad masses of the people to resolutely resist the enemy and submitted to the aggressors. Emperor Daoguang sent Qi Ying as an imperial envoy to the Zhejiang front with Elibu to test the terms of surrender to the British aggressors on the question of ending the Opium War. At that time, the British troops were approaching Nanking. Qi Ying hurried to Nanking and accepted all the "conditions for peace negotiation" proposed by the aggressors without a formal negotiation. On August 29, 1842, on board the British warship Hanhuali, Qi Ying and Iribu signed the first unequal treaty in modern history of China-the Treaty of Jiangning, on behalf of the Qing government. Jiangning is now Nanjing, so the Treaty of Jiangning is also called the Treaty of Nanjing. There are thirteen articles in the Treaty of Nanjing, which mainly include the following points: (1) China ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (Since then, Hong Kong has become the British military and commercial base in the Far East.) (2)China has opened Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai as treaty ports; in these treaty ports, British people can live freely, and Britain can send consulates and other officials. (In this way, the door to feudal China was opened. )(3) China compensated 6 million silver yuan in opium and tobacco fees, 12 million silver yuan in military expenditures, and 3 million silver yuan in commercial arrears, totaling 21 million silver yuan. (This is shameless plunder of the China people.) (4)If Britain pays taxes on imported and exported goods,"it should be recognized impartially." (That is to say, China has to negotiate with the United Kingdom the tax rates on import and export goods. China has no right to determine it itself. This is the beginning of the agreed tariffs. Based on this privilege, the British bourgeoisie transported large quantities of goods to China and controlled the China market, thus depriving China customs of its role in protecting the country's industrial and agricultural production. )(5) British merchants can freely trade with China merchants at various ports without any restrictions. (From then on, British merchants were able to freely contact China merchants to select and train their agents.) In 1843, the British government forced the Qing government to make the Sino-British "Five-port Treaty of Commerce" and "Five-port Treaty of Commerce with Adherence"(also known as "Humen Treaty") as the annex to the Treaty of Nanjing. In addition to specifying some details of the Treaty of Nanjing, some new clauses were added, such as British crimes in China were not punished by China law; If any invaders gain privileges in China, Britain can also enjoy them, etc. After the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, the United States and France successively forced the Qing government to conclude the Sino-US Wangxia Treaty and the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty. Since then, the imperialist countries have followed suit and forced China to conclude a series of unequal treaties by various means. These unequal treaties are like shackles on the heads of the China people, and the Treaty of Nanjing is the first shackle on the heads of the China people. The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing seriously undermined China's sovereignty and independence, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Extended reading: "Treaty of Nanjing" and the origin of Nanjing Road Extended reading: "Treaty of Nanjing" and Nanjing Road come from Nanjing Road in Shanghai starting from the Huangpu River in the east and ending at Jing 'an Temple in the west. It has a total length of 5.5 kilometers. It is the world-famous "Chinese Business First Street". But more than 150 years ago, Nanjing Road was just a narrow small street in the British Concession, called "Huayuan Lane", also known as "Pike Lane". Because foreigners often ride horses on this road, people call it the "road". In 1865, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops, the British Concession authorities crossed the border to build roads and extended "Huayuan Lane" westward to Jing 'an Temple, calling it "Jing' an Temple Road". In order to commemorate the Treaty of Nanjing, which allowed it to "legally" divide up China, the British Concession authorities named Huayuan Lane and Jing 'an Temple Road Nanjing East Road and Nanjing West Road respectively, collectively referred to as Nanjing Road. Nanjing Road was named after the "Treaty of Nanjing" and carried the blood and tears of humiliation and struggle of the Chinese nation. After the liberation of the country, in the face of decadent fragrance and sugar-coated artillery shells, the "Good Eight Company on Nanjing Road" refused to be corrupted and never touched. Its fine traditions and style swept the country, making Nanjing Road proud.