Emperor Kangxi (May 4, 1654-December 20, 1722), Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China (reigned from 1661 to 1722), was the longest reigning emperor in China history.

Overseas countries such as the West, after thousands of years, China will be afraid of being burdened by it. This is what I said against the grain. For many years in the Imperial Dynasty, every time the Han people were difficult to govern, because they could not be single-minded, the country has been in peace for a long time, and must not forget danger; In the past, the work of earth and rocks in Qin Xing built the Great Wall. I have been gracious to Karka, making it more secure against Shufang, which is stronger than the Great Wall; all the books on river governance in the previous generation were read. Although it is easy to discuss, it is difficult to implement - Kangxi

The river water is not qualitative, and the river cannot be governed by one law. The words of governing the river today, if they are to be followed by future generations, are definitely not feasible - Kangxi said when he refused to compile the edict on governing the river into a book

Emperor Kangxi was named Aishinjueluo Xuanye, and his temple name was Qingshengzu. He was customarily called Kangxi by his year title. He was the second-generation emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass. He became one of the most admired emperors in China because of his creation of the "prosperous times of Kang and Qian" and his actions in maintaining the territorial integrity of China. Thanks to contemporary film and television media, he has also become a household name in China.

Kangxi practiced tussah at the age of eight. At that time, his predecessors left him a huge and dangerous country. His allegiance to the Qing Dynasty had not yet formed a habit, and the price that must be paid for the minority to rule the majority had already appeared or would become apparent. Within the imperial court, the era of "strongman politics" had not yet passed, and Aobai and other ministers acted authoritatively, forming a huge threat to the imperial power. Such an era is calling for the emergence of a political giant to establish a stable political order. Kangxi proved with his later civil and martial arts skills that he took up the responsibilities and obligations of this role well.

During Kangxi's early growth, his grandmother, Empress Xiaozhuangwen, played a big role, striving to create a good environment for Kangxi to govern by balancing the forces of all parties. But when Kangxi began to govern himself in 1667, he found that the domineering minister Obai had become the biggest obstacle to his arbitrary rule. Two years later, Kangxi designed to capture Oboi and his cronies in one fell swoop, and then monopolized power. This was the starting point of Kangxi's success in his life.

At that time, the "San Francisco" in the south became the confidant of the imperial court. "San Francisco" was the three vassals in the south, all of whom were generals who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, and made great contributions in the fight against the world. In the "San Francisco", Wu Sangui was the leader, holding heavy troops, and gradually became a separatist force. Under the judgment of "cutting is against, not cutting is against", Kangxi ordered the cutting of the vassal in 1673. Wu Sangui immediately rebelled, and under the banner of restoring the Han world, he once burned the war to half of the country in the south. Kangxi initially showed military leadership in this war, strategized, and was decisive and witty. He successfully conspired against Wang Fuchen and others, and it took 8 years to finally quell the rebellion.

Then, on the momentum of victory, Kangxi sent Shi Lang's naval army across the Taiwan Strait to destroy the Zheng regime in Taiwan. This was a classic battle of the ancient Chinese sea crossing, which eliminated the last remnants of the Ming Dynasty. Taiwan's role as a "barrier of several southeastern provinces" has since been taken seriously by the central government.

During the civil war in China, the Russians were advancing eastward step by step along their Siberian strongholds, occupying the Heilongjiang River Basin, the place of Longxing in the Qing Dynasty, and for the first time became a threat to northern China. After putting down the Rebellion in the Sanvans, Kangxi turned his attention here. In 1685, Heilongjiang General Sabusu and others were sent to achieve a great victory in the Battle of Jaksa with the cooperation of the copper cannon of the "Invincible General of the Divine Power". Kangxi accepted the peace offer of the Russian envoys and subsequently signed the "Nibchu Peace Treaty", delimiting the eastern border between the two countries. For a century and a half, the two countries remained basically at peace.

But in addition to the newly emerging tsarist Russia, the threats to the north also include the old Mongolian separatist forces. At that time, Mongolia had been divided into Monan Mongolia, Moxi (Erut) Mongolia, and Mobei (Kalka) Mongolia. Monan Mongolia had surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, while Moxi and Mobei Mongolia maintained semi-independent status. While Kangxi was unifying mainland China step by step, Moxi Mongolia gave birth to a hero, Galdan, who was also unifying the various Mongolian tribes step by step. Galdan had many elements of becoming a Nurhachi hero, but he was unlucky and encountered an opponent that was the booming Central Dynasty under the leadership of Kangxi. Although in 1690, they were once forced to a place only more than 700 miles away from Beijing, they were finally defeated by Kangxi in the Battle of Ulanbatong. In 1691, Kangxi convened various Mongolian princes and presided over the "Dorun Alliance" to strengthen the Manchur-Mongolian alliance. The direct purpose was to isolate Gardan, but the Mongolians were also able to gain a share of the ruling interests of the Qing Dynasty. After that, Kangxi personally attacked Galdan three times, eventually forcing Galdan to die at a dead end. The Qing Dynasty's rule on the long border in northern China was established since then.

Galdan's nephew Cewang Arabtan reorganized the remaining troops and marched into Xizang in 1717. Kangxi also won cleanly in the last battle of his life. In 1720, he sent troops into Tibet, expelled Cewang Arabutan, and stabilized his suzerainty over Xizang.

At the same time as the above-mentioned series of wars, Kangxi made the whole country's social and economic economy out of the catastrophe of many years of war and embarked on the road of healthy development through correct domestic policies. He attached great importance to people's livelihood, and soon after he became pro-government, he abolished the bad government of the Manchu aristocracy's "land enclosure". Six southern visits were made to inspect water conservancy projects and repair the Yongding River and other rivers. It is commendable that during his reign, he reduced and exempted taxes for the whole country many times, and in 1712, when the treasury was enriched, he stipulated that "population will be bred in prosperous times and will never be increased", that is, based on the existing population, and the population will not be increased in the future. This move, as well as the "stall into mu" implemented by his successor Yongzheng, played a role in fueling the surge in China's population.

During the reign of Kangxi, the "Da Qing Law" was established by Emperor Kangxi. With its many items and complete criminal cases, it can be said to be a complete collection of laws in China. In terms of the imperial examination system, in addition to the regular eight-part selection of scholars, Kangxi added the erudite and Confucian subjects, using a combination of examination and recommendation to recruit talents. During the Rebellion of the Three Festivals, in order to increase national treasury revenue, a donation system was promulgated. All children of landlords and gentry could obtain lower-level official positions as long as they paid a certain amount of "donation money." The donation system continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty and became a supplement to the imperial examination system.

Emperor Kangxi himself was versatile. In addition to being proficient in Confucianism, he also had a strong interest in mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, biology, engineering technology, etc., and was eager to learn relevant knowledge from Western scholars. During his reign, he organized the editing and publication of the "Kangxi Dictionary", "Integration of Ancient and Modern Books", "Experience", "Mathematical Essence", "Kangxi Yongnian Calendar", "Kangxi Imperial History", etc. During his 61 years in power, there was a prosperous situation in the military, economy and culture. In history, it was called the "rule of Kangxi", which was the beginning of the "prosperous age of Kangqian".

After the recovery of Taiwan, Kangxi once banned the sea, but in his later years, he re-implemented the "forbidden sea" policy and embarked on the road of closing the country. The "literary prison" in the Qing Dynasty began in the Kangxi era, but the most enthusiastic person was his grandson, Emperor Qianlong, and there were not many pen and ink lawsuits in the Kangxi era. In the later years of Kangxi, due to the indecision on the issue of reserve funds, the sons joined the courtiers to fight for the throne, and the government was once chaotic. These are the places that Kangxi's few descendants criticized.

However, Kangxi's influence in history should not be overestimated. First of all, whether it was the war to pacify the Three Kingdoms, to pacify Kaldan, or to recover Taiwan, Kangxi used the power of a country to deal with a local force. Although victory was hard-won, it did not change the macro historical pattern; and in the Battle of Jaksa, what he defeated was only a adventurous group, far from being the main force of Czarist Russia. Secondly, Kangxi's domestic policies promoted the prosperity of the country, but his policies lacked innovation and basically followed the practices of his predecessors. The emergence of "Kangxi's Rule" was also related to the favorable position of the second-generation emperor of the dynasty in which he lived. It has the nature of post-war restorative development. Moreover, Kangxi himself loved mathematics, natural science, and Western technology, but did not have the enthusiasm to promote them to the whole country, which deprived China of a good opportunity to accept Western civilization on a large scale.

In general, Kangxi was an accomplished emperor, but not one who changed the course of history. His actual impact on history may have been slightly less than his fame. He ranks 36th on the list of 100 emperors.

Comments: The Manchu Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming Empire with a population of hundreds of millions with the eight-flag soldiers of 120,000 people. After creating this rare miracle in history, the rulers of the early Qing Dynasty also fell into a huge sense of crisis. Establishing the legitimacy of the Manchu Qing Dynasty's rule over the whole of China was the core task of Emperor Kangxi's governance. Kangxi's brilliance was that he made the Qing regime not only gain the identity of Confucian culture and Han intellectuals, but also maintain the characteristics of Manchu martial arts and pioneering.