82 years ago today, June 26, 1943 (May 24, 1943 in the lunar calendar), Landsteiner, the discoverer of the blood type, passed away. Karl Landsteiner (1868.6.14~1943.6.26) was an Austrian-American immunologist. Born in Baden, Vienna on June 14, 1868, and died on June 26, 1943 in New York. Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the main human blood group system. Received a doctorate in medicine from the University of Vienna School of Medicine in 1891. He studied chemistry in Germany and Switzerland from 1892 to 1894. From 1896 to 1908, he successively served in the Department of Hygiene and the Institute of Pathological Anatomy of the University of Vienna. Professor of pathology in 1911. In 1922, he was invited to work at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, and became an American citizen in 1929. In his research career, he initially studied chemistry, and in 1892 he synthesized ¦Á-hydroxyacetaldehyde with E. Fischer. After 1896, he became interested in serology and immunology, and introduced chemical methods into serological research. It was found that the sera of different people could undergo agglutination reactions when mixed with blood cells. In 1901, anti-A serum and anti-B serum were used to divide blood into A, B, C(hereinafter referred to as O) three types. In 1902, his colleagues discovered type AB. It is inferred that blood type can be inherited. In 1904, he and J. Donat proposed a test to diagnose paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and explained the pathogenesis of the disease. He also clarified the cause of meconium intestinal obstruction. From 1905 to 1907, he successfully infected monkeys with syphilis and determined that Treponema pallidum existed in plum cancer; created a dark field microscope method for observation of Treponema pallidum; clarified the mechanism of Wasserman's reaction, and used bovine hearts to replace human organs to extract antigens, making the Wachner test widely used. From 1908 to 1919, we used rhesus monkeys and other animals to study polio. We assumed that the pathogen was a virus, and together with colleagues designed a set of serum diagnostic procedures and methods to preserve the virus. The discovery of haptens (1921) promoted the development of immunology. He used chemical and serological techniques to distinguish different hemoglobins; with his collaborators, he discovered lectins ¦Á1 and ¦Á2(1926), blood factors such as MN (1927), a factor that exists only in black blood (now known as the Hunter-Hunshaw system)(1934) and Rh factor (1940); from 1930 to 1932, he successfully cultivated Rickettsia prowakii, the pathogen of epidemic typhus. In 1936, he published the classic work on immunology "Specificity of Serological Reactions".