On this day 142 years ago, July 18, 1883 (June 15, 1883 lunar calendar), the birthday of Kamenev, an early activist of the Russian Bolshevik Party. Kamenev was a famous activist in the early days of the Russian labor movement and the Bolshevik Party, and an important representative of the opposition within the Communist Party of Russia (Bolshevik) in the 1920s. On July 18, 1883, Kamenev was born in Moscow. His father was an engineer. In 1901, while studying at Petersburg University, Kamenev joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and was arrested for participating in the student movement. In 1902 he arrived in Paris and met Lenin. After the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1903, he became a member of the Bolshevik faction. In September of the same year, he returned to Russia and engaged in revolutionary activities in Moscow, the Caucasus and other places. After the failure of the 1905-1907 revolution, Kamenev arrived in Geneva at the end of 1908 at the request of Lenin and was appointed editor of the Bolshevik central organ, the Proletariat. In 1913, Kamenev moved with Lenin to Krakow, Poland, which is close to Russia. In early 1914, he was sent back by the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party to lead the Bolshevik Duma as a party representative in Petersburg, and was responsible for the editorial affairs of the central organ, Pravda. After the outbreak of World War I, Lenin put forward the slogan "Turn the imperialist war into a civil war," and the Bolshevik Duma was arrested along with other members for its firm opposition to the imperialist war. At the trial court, Kamenev declared that he disagreed with the Central Committee on the question of war and requested that a Menshevik be summoned to testify against him. Lenin severely criticized his loss of position. In 1917, after the February Revolution broke out in Russia, Kamenev returned from exile to Petrograd and was elected as a member of the Central Committee at the April National Congress of the Bolshevik Party. On the eve of the October Revolution, he disagreed with Lenin's ideas about an armed uprising and published "Kamenev on the Uprising" in the semi-Menshevik-leaning newspaper Novaya Hayat, leaking the secrets of the preparations for the uprising to the enemy. Lenin denounced this as an "unprecedented act of scabs" and demanded that they be expelled from the party. However, after the armed uprising broke out, Kamenev, who disagreed with the uprising, participated in the activities of leading the uprising. After the victory of the October Revolution, Kamenev was elected as a member of the Politburo, shouldering the important responsibilities of the party and the state. Due to his two important tasks as chairperson of the Moscow Soviet and vice-chairperson of the People's Committee at the same time, Lenin praised him in a speech as "a very heavy and hard-working horse" who "pulled two carts" at the same time. "After Lenin's death, in 1926, Kamenev, Zinoviev, and Trotsky formed a Jitto alliance and engaged in splitting factions in the party. He was expelled from the party in 1927. He was reinstated from the party in 1928 after publicly admitting his mistake, but was expelled again in 1932 after discovering that he had not stopped his anti-party factions. Soon after, he wrote a pledge and resumed his party membership in 1933. Kirov was assassinated in 1934, Kamenev and others were arrested on charges of organizing a "counter-revolutionary underground terrorist group" and executed on August 25, 1936.