Thirty-one years ago today, on February 23, 1994 (January 14, 1994 in the lunar calendar), the Russian State Duma passed an amnesty bill to pardon the "August 19" incident in 1991. In a blink of an eye, it has been ten years since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Reflecting on the history of the collapse of the first socialist country in the world in those days, people can't help but sigh. When the Soviet Union was about to be destroyed, several politicians who tried to maintain the original alliance system of the Soviet Union and avoid the disintegration of the Soviet Union launched the Incident on August 19th. This was the last attempt to save the Soviet Union on the edge of the cliff, but it failed after only three days. The tragedy of the August 19th incident lies in its original intention of maintaining the Soviet Union, but it became the catalyst for the accelerated disintegration of the Soviet Union. Since then, the disintegration of the Soviet Union has suddenly accelerated. After the late 1960s, Soviet society has undergone dramatic changes, with political turmoil, economic collapse and intensification of ethnic conflicts. In March 1990, the Republic of Lithuania declared its independence, and Yeltsin was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia in May 1991, declaring Russia's sovereign independence. The Soviet Union has actually become an empty shelf. Since then, some republics have successively issued declarations of sovereignty. In order to ease ethnic conflicts and prevent the disintegration of the alliance, in March 1991, Soviet President M. §³. Gorbachev proposed the draft Treaty of the Union of Sovereign States (also known as the New Union Treaty), which was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on July 12 and planned to be signed on August 20. The draft union treaty changed the name of the country "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" to "Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics", expanding the powers of the republics. In the early morning of August 19, Soviet Vice President §¤. §ª. Yanayev announced that Gorbachev was unable to perform presidential duties due to health reasons, and he would act as president. He and Soviet Prime Minister B.C. Pavlov, First Vice Chairman O. §¥. Baklanov, Defense Minister §¥. §´. Yazov, Minister of Interior §¢. K. Pugo, and Chairman of the National Security Council §£. §¡. Kriuchkov formed the National Emergency Committee to exercise all the power of the state; Declared a six-month state of emergency in parts of the Soviet Union in accordance with the Constitution and laws. The Emergency Committee said in its Letter to the Soviet People that the reform policy advocated by Gorbachev has "reached a dead end" and that "the fate of the Soviet state and people is at an extremely dangerous and serious moment". Yanayev said: "The most decisive measures will be taken to get the country and society out of the crisis as soon as possible", and on the same day ordered the implementation of a state of emergency in Moscow. These practices were firmly opposed by President B.N. Yeltsin of the Russian Federation and others. Yeltsin issued four orders, considering the emergency committee an "unconstitutional organization", "investigating criminal responsibility" for those who carried out the instructions of this committee, and organizing some people to hold a general strike. On August 21, the Ministerial Meeting of the Soviet Ministry of Defense decided to withdraw troops deployed in areas where the state of emergency was implemented. That night, Gorbachev, who was on vacation in Crimea, announced that he had completely controlled the situation and restored the once interrupted contact with the whole country. In the early morning of the 22nd, he returned to Moscow. On the same day, he ordered the revocation of decisions promulgated by the emergency committee or its individual members, and all members of the committee were dismissed from their current posts. On the same day, Yeltsin announced that Yanayev and others had been detained. On the 23rd, Yeltsin ordered to stop the activities of the Russian Communist Party and restrict the activities of the Soviet Communist Party. On the 24th, Gorbachev stated that the Secretariat, Political Bureau and Central Committee of the CPSU Central Committee "failed to stand on a firm stand of condemnation and boycott" in the incident and should be "automatically dissolved", and announced his resignation as general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. On the 29th, A. §ª. Lukyanov, chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, was accused of participating in "conspiracy incidents", deprived of the immunity of people's deputies, and "investigated for criminal responsibility". After the incident, the political situation in the Soviet Union was further turbulent. By December of the same year, the Soviet Union collapsed. On February 23, 1994, the Russian State Duma passed an amnesty bill to pardon the "August 19" incident in 1991.