On this day, 510 years ago, on December 11, 1515 (November 7, 1515 in the lunar calendar), Pope Leo X ceded Parma and other places to France in accordance with the Treaty of Bologna. On December 11, 1515, Pope Leo X ceded Parma and other places to France under the Treaty of Bologna. In 1513, the new Pope Leo X succeeded to the throne. Like Julius II, he also hired famous artists to sing his praises and paint murals. Leo X asked Raphael to paint a mural for his Vatican office. This made Raphael difficult to cope with, and later he had to recruit a large number of apprentices as helpers. He drafted some large-scale murals for students to paint. Then Raphael made some modifications and refinements. Of course, this also hindered Raphael's independent conception to a certain extent, but the portrait had to be completed by him himself. This is a masterpiece completed by Raphael three years before his death. Painting began in 1518 and was officially completed the following year. The three figures in the painting sit in a vertical posture, but the faces turn to each other at different angles. The light comes from the right, and the character's light receiving range is different, thus forming a sense of depth in the character's space. The main character is Pope Leo. From the scarlet shawl on the Pope, to the red color of the tablecloth and the books and debris on the table, the red color is gradually divided into four levels. They are harmonised by the large marble-cold shadow in the background. The image of the Pope is depicted in detail. He holds a magnifying glass and is reading a large manuscript decorated with miniatures. His eyes froze, and his hands naturally rested on the edge of the table. It is said that Leo X was very interested in humanistic philosophy and also liked to seek true meaning from classical philosophy. The Pope's puffy face revealed a tired mental state. Raphael seemed to have an insight into all this and vividly portrayed the character's spirit of painful thinking about the contradiction between Confucian classics and philosophy with his divine pen. According to historical records, Raphael once had expectations for the Pope and expressed extraordinary humility to him. In 1519, Raphael once said in a long letter to Pope Leo X: "Many popes have this title of you, but they have never had such great knowledge, courage and spirit as you... There are many popes who only know wantonly destroy and distort ancient churches, statues, Arc de Triomphe and other buildings... And your first consideration should be to care about how to preserve those few buildings, which were the glory of the ancient motherland and the great Italy." From this passage, we understand that the reason why Raphael respected the Pope was that he expected him to cherish ancient cultural relics and no longer wantonly destroy and plunder like his predecessor. Comments: Parma now belongs to Italy.